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Defin Immunity.
Biological term- describes state of having sufficient biological defenses to avoid infx, dz or other unwanted biological invasion
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Define Vaccine.
Biological preparation that improves immunity to a particular disease
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Are vaccines 100% safe?
no
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What are the contraindications for vaccines?
- Immunosupression
- Parasitic Burden
- Stress
- Malnutrition
- Diseased
- Abscess at inoculations site
- Pyrexia
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Define Pathogen.
An infections agent
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What is a primary pathogen?
A pathogen that casues disease almost every time it invades
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What is a opprotunistic pathogen?
a microbe that normally would not cause disease, but could if the animal is comprimised
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What can make an animal comprimised?
stress, any immunodeficiency
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Define Antigen.
foreign substance that initiates an immune response
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Define antibody.
Proteins- immunoglobulins
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Define Virulence.
The pathogenic ability of a microbe to cause or spread dz
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Define Adjuvent.
Agent that may be added to a vaccine to heighten immune response.
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Define Titer.
Antibody levels within serum.
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What are the two types of immunity?
Non specific and Specific
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What is Non specific immunity? Give ex.
- Passive immunity- what you are born with
- Ex: Skin, MM, secretions, cilia
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What is specific immunity? Give ex.
- Active/Aquired immunity- through exposure or being given
- Ex: lymphocytes & specific antibodies
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What is actively aquired immunity?
- Develops over lifetime- long term
- Comes from exposure
- Antigen causes antibody production
- Memory Exists
- Can be natural or artificial
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What are some examples of active immunity?
- (Natural) when you come into contact with the disease many times, whether it be in school, at work
- (Artificial) through a vaccine
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What is passively aquired immunity?
- Recieving antibodies from another individual (mom, vaccine)
- Short term
- Immediate onset
- No memory exists
- Can be natural or artificial
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What are some examples of passive immunity?
- (Natural) mother to offspring through colostrum
- (Artificial) from animal, and medical procedure- Blood transfusion/organ transplant
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What is a naturally aquired immunity?
immunity aquired during normal biological experiences
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Ex of naturally aquired immunity.
- Ex:
- (Passive) While in mother- placenta and colostrum contains antibodies
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What is a artificially aquired immunity?
an immunity aquired through a medical procedure
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Ex of artificially aquired immunity.
- Ex:
- (Passive) From animal to animal by our means
- (Active) Vaccine made in a lab
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EX of natural active
Dog gets parvo from another dog
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EX of artifical active
- Dog get vaccinated for parvo
- Horse gets tetanis ANTITOXIN
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EX of natural passive
Foal gets maternal antibodies through colostrum
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What are some relatively normal side effects from vaccines?
- Fever
- Lethargy
- Local reactions -tenderness, slight swelling
- Vomiting
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When do normal side effects dissipate?
24-48 hours
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What are problem side effects that would bring an animal back to the hospital or be considered an emergency?
- Anaphalaxis (immediate)
- Dyspnea
- Immune disease
- Sarcomas
- IMHA (immune mediated hemolytic anemia)
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Where does a vaccine normally get stored before and after reconstitution?
in the fridge, NEVER THE FREEZER
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How long after reconstitution should a vaccine be used by? How do you handle them?
1 hour, keep light protected!
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Should you mix vaccines on your own? how much of each dose do you use?
no, ENTIRE THING!
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What goes in the charts after giving a vaccine?
- On sticker {Serial #, Lot #, Manufacturer, Exp. date}
- date, inj site, how much was given, initials
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What are the 9 types of vaccines?
- Killed (inactivated)
- Attenuated (MLV, weakened)
- Live
- Recombinant
- Toxoids
- Antitoxins
- Antiserum
- Autogenous
- Polyvalent
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What is a killed vaccine?
- Chemically or heat killed virus
- Safe
- Need repeated doses
- Have adjuvents
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What are the 2 types of adjuvents used in a killed vaccines?
- Bacterin- entire bacteria is used
- Subunit- only part of microbe is used
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EX of killed vaccine?
Rabies
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What is an attenuated vaccine?
- Modified Live Vaccine
- Replicates within pt to produce immunity
- Longer lasting immunity, efficient
- Can get disease, abortion, infertility, allergic reactions
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What is a live vaccine?
- May be virulent (spreadable) or avirulent
- Longer lasting, efficient, inexpensive
- No adjuvents
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What is a recombinant vaccine?
- Gene, or part of gene that causes disease is used
- Effective, few side effects, expensive
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When are recombinant vaccines contraindicated?
When there is an autom immune problem
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What is a toxoid vaccine?
- Used against toxins, not microbe itself
- Short term
- May contain adjuvents
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What is an antitoxin vaccine?
- Contains antibodies from another animal
- Short term, Passive imm.
- May contain preservatives
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Ex of antitoxin
Antivenom
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What is an antiserum vaccine?
- Antibody rich serum from infx animal
- Passive, short term, came from another animal
- May contain preservatives
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What is an autogenous vaccine?
- Prepared from cultures of an infx agent from patient
- Produced for specific disease in a specific area
- Adjuvents, used w. caution
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EX of autogenous
Mad Cow dz
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What is a polyvalent vaccine?
- Multiple vaccines
- Convenient
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EX of polyvalent
- DHLPP 5 way- aka DA2PPL
- FVRCP (-C) 4 way (5 way)
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What are the 2 parts of a vaccine?
- Diluent- liquid
- Dessicant- solid/dry
- AKA cake
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What are the routes a vaccine can't be given?
- IV
- IO
- Subdermal (causes problems, finishing supply)
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What are the 2 routes that don't require a needle?
IN, Sub-D
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What is a core vaccine?
A highly recommended vaccine
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What is a major non-core vaccine?
a vaccine that is highly recommended in certain localities
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What is a minor non-core vaccine?
a vaccine that is only recommended for client/pt. lifestyles
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What is a not recommended vaccine?
- a vaccine that has cons that out weigh pros.
- (side effects, efficacy)
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What is the only vaccine required by law?
Rabies
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What are the canine core vaccines?
- Parvovirus
- Distemper virus
- Hepatitis (adenovirus 2)
- Rabies
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What are the canine non-core vaccines?
- Bordetella (bronchiseptica)
- Lyme dz (Borrelia)
- Lepto
- Parainfluenza
- Distempter MEASLES
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What are the canine not recommended vaccines?
- CAV-1 (Adenovirus type 1, covered by type 2 vaccine)
- CCV-1 (corona virus)
- Giardia
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What are the feline core vaccines?
- Panleukopenia (feline parvovirus/distemper)
- Herpes virus-1 (FHV, Feline Rhinotracheitis)
- Calicivirus (FCV)
- Rabies
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What are the feline non-core vaccines?
- FeLV (feline Leukemia virus)
- FIV (feline immunodeficiency virus)
- Chlamydophila
- Bordetella
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What are the feline not reccomended vaccines?
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What is the Rabies schedule?
Given w. 12 week booster then every year after that
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What is the canine normal vaccine schedule?
- 6weeks- combo
- every 3-4 weeks- booster
- until 12 weeks= last booster + rabies
- +/- Lepto, lyme and coronavirus
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How often are non-core vaccines given, if risk factor is high?
Every year
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How often do dogs that are boarded or in shows get boredetella and para. boosters?
Every 6 mo.
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What is the feline normal vaccine schedule?
- 6-7 w.- 1st combo
- every 3-4 w.= booster
- until 12 w.= + rabies
- 13 w.- +/- chlamydia and FeLV (high risk)
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What are the 7 variables with vaccinations?
- Age
- Breed
- Health Status
- Risk
- Type of vaccine
- Breeding animal
- Geological area
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Where is Rabies usually given in dogs?
- RRR-Rabies Right Rear
- Right Rear
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Where is DHLPP usually given in dogs?
- Distemper is "Right Fore" legs
- Right Front
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Where is Lepto/Bordetella given in dogs?
- "Left Fore" other things
- Left Front
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Where is Rabies usually given in cats?
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Where is FVRCP usually given in cats?
- Distemper is "Right Fore" Cats
- Right Front
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Where is FeLV/FIV usually given in cats?
- Leukemia= Left Rear
- Left Rear
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