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Define disaccharides.
They are two monosaccharides joined together, and are the simplest kind of sugar polymers.
Are formed when two hexoses combined.
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Examples of disaccharides:
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Sucrose (table sugar) = ?
glucose + fructose
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lactose (milk sugar) = ?
glucose + galactose
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Maltose = ?
glucose + glucose
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Define dehydration synthesis.
The bond between the two hexoses occures at a place where the ---OH from the one sugar find the -H from another. As the two hexoses are combined, a water molecule (HOH) is generated.
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Define hydrolysis.
A water molecule is added to sucrose as it is broken into glucose and fructose. This is what happens inside our cells as table sugar in the diet is metabolised.
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What reaction is caused by hydrolysis?
Water breaking
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In lipids, dehydration synthesis is used to?
Add fatty acids to glycerol backbones.
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In proteins, the bonds that hold amino acid monomers together are formed from dehydration reactions that each create a ...?
Peptide bond
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Define lipids
Lipids generally contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Different proportions that carbohydrates, meaning less oxygen. They tend to repel water (hydrophobic or non-polar) are used to build cell membranes.
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What are polar molecules?
Charged (+ or - ions) they like being around water, they are hydrophilic.
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What are non-polar molecules?
They are not charged (no ions) They hate being around water, hydrophobic.
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What forms do lipids come in?
fatty acids, phospholipids, tryglycerides, steroids, eicosanoides, other lipids.
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lipids are carried in the blood as a complex with specialized protein carriers called ?
Lipoproteins
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Steroids are lipid compounds which include many of
The hormones as well as cholosterol.
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What are body functions of Tryglycerides ?(fats and oils)
Protection, insulation, energy storage
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What are the body functions of fatty acids?
used to synthesis tryglycerides and phospholipids or catabolized to generate adenosine tryphosphate (ATP)
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What are the body functions of phospholipids?
Major lipid component of cell membranes.
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What are the body functions of eicosanoids?
Have diverse effects on modifying responses to hormones, blood clotting, inflimmation, immunity, stomach acid secretion, airway diameter, lipid breakdown, and smooth muscle contraction.
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What are the four lipid categories)
simple (fats, oils, waxes)compound (phospholipids, sphingolipids, glycolipids)Steroids Misc. (lipoproteins, and fat soluable vitamins
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Poly- unsaturated fatty acids
have multiple kinks that keep the fatty acid molecules from closely packing, and so poly-unsaturated lipids (like olive oil) are liquid at room temp.
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Saturated fatty acids
pack more closely (in the absense of kinks) they are solid at room temp.
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Saturated fatty acids are
those where all the carbons are filled, or saturated, with hydrogen atoms.
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unsaturated fatty acids
are molecules with missing hydrogen atoms.
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mono-saturated =
1 double bond = 1 kink
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poly-unsaturated =
many double bonds = many kinks
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fatty acids are:
come in many different varieties. Carbon back bones vary from 4 to 20 carbons strong end to end and with hydrogens filling the unused bonds on the carbon atoms. Each end is in a carboxyl (-COOH) group, which is where the acid part comes in.
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