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Inorganic mineral elements
- 22 (0r 26?) inorganic elements considered essential
- Any mineral element can be toxic at high levels (influenced by age, species, physiological state and other nutrients)
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Functions of minerals
- Structural components
- Acid/base, osmotic regulation
- Enzymatic components/cofactors
- Many have more than one function
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Micro minerals
- <0.01% of BW
- Trace minerals
- Essentail trace minerals are B, Co, Cr, Cu, F, I, Fe, Mn, Mo, Se, Si, Zn
- Catalysts for enzymatic reactions
- Required in organic compounds
- "normal" dietary ingredients may be low in Cu, Fe, Mn, Se, Zn (and others)
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Macrominerals
- >0.01% of BW
- Structure (Ca)
- Osmotic pressure regulation (Na)...
- Proportions similar amongst species
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Calcuim
- Most abundant species
- Ca:P between 1:1 and 2:1 for most livestock
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Function of Calcium
- Structure of bones and teeth Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2
- -99% of body's calcium is in bones/teeth
- Muscle contraction
- Transmission of impulses from nerve to muscle
- Clotting of blood
- Required for maximum protease, phospholipase and nuclease activity
- Second messanger in cell communication (cellular response to hormones)
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Calcium deficiency
- Rickets
- Osteomalacia (amount of bone)
- Osteoporosis (loss of bone density)
- Parturient paresis
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Calcium toxicity
- Osteopetrosis (over mineralization)
- Uretheal and kidney stones
- Reduces absorption of other minerals (Zn, Mg, Fe, I, Mn, Cu
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Calcium regulation
- Very tight control of blood calcium
- Vitamin D3 and parathyroid homorne both increase plasma Ca
- Calcitionin decreases plasma Ca (inhibits osteclasts: bone mineralization)
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Phosphorus
- 1.1% of body (fat free)
- 80-85% in calcuim phosphates in bone
- Remainder in cells and extracellular fluids
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Phosphorus functions
- Structure of bones/teeth
- Components of:
- -phospholipids
- -DNA and RNA
- -enzyme and co-enzyme systems
- -metabolic regulation
- -energy metabolism
- -blood bufering (pH control)
- -control of biological proteins
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Phosphorus deficiency
- Skeletal deformities
- Reduced growth, appetite, milk production
- Pica
- Reproduction disfunction
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Phosphorus toxicity
- Nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism (big head)
- Urinary calculi
- Laxative effect
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Magnesium
In many tissues (50% bones, 20-25% muscles)
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Magnesium Function
- Structure of bones
- Bone mineral 1% Mg
- Oxidative phosphorylation
- Reactions involving ATP
- Enzme co-factor
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Magnesium Deficiency
- Anorexia
- Reduced weight gain
- Hypomagnesemic tetany (grass staggers)
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K, NA, Cl
- Electrolytes: osmotic pressure, acid-base balance
- 90% K within cells
- 90% Na outside cells
- almost all CL present outside cell
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Potassium functions
- Acid/base balance
- Osmotic regulation
- Enzyme activation
- Uptake of glocuse
- Nerve transmission and muscle contraction
- Blood pressure regulation
- Uptake of neutral AA into cells
- Na+, K+ ATPase
- Na and Cl excretion by kidney
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Potassium toxicity
- Muscle weakness, abnormal heart function
- Grass tetany in ruminants
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Sodium function
- Osmotic pressure
- Sodium electrochemical gradients
- Acid-base balance
- Nerve transmision
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Chlorine
- HCl in stomache
- Osmotic regulation
- Acid-base balance
- Water balance
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Sulfur
- Main requirements is AA
- Also in wool, feathers, and milk
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Sulfur functions
- sulphur AA
- thiamin & Biotin
- Enzymes
- wool/feathers
- thiols/disulfides
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Sulfur supplenentation
- methionine
- ruminants can be fed inorganic S
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Trace Mineral premixes
- Are relatively consistent in a species and production type
- Again, assume none is provided in diet
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Iodine (I) function
- Most found in thyroid
- -energy metabolism; physical and mental development
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Iodine deficiency
- Goiter, cretinism
- Solution is iodized salt
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Iron (Fe) functions
- Most present in red blood cells
- heme protein
- -02 transport
- -electron transport in mitochondria
- -liberates 02 from peroxides
- Non-heme protein
- -enzymes
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Iron supplementation
Suckling pigs, veal calves, young animals with parasites
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Selenium (Se) functions
- Component of glutathione peroxidase (antioxidant)
- Excretion of ketone bodies
- Selenoproteins with unknown function (replace S in AA)
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Selenium deficiency
- White muscle disease
- Liver nucrosis
- Exudative diathesis (chicks)
- Pancreatic degneration
- Anemia
- Sperm abnormalities
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Selenium Toxicity
- Loss of appetite, loss of hair, sloughing hooves
- Respiratory failure
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Boron (B) functions
- Ca, Mg, vit. D metabolism
- Maintenence of cell membranes
- Steriod hormone function
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Chromium (Cr) functions
- Glucose tolerance factr (cellular action of insulin)
- Nucleic acid metabolism
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Cobalt (Co) functions
- Part of cobalamin
- Energy, protein metabolism
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Cobalt deficiency
- Similar to vt. B12 deficiency
- -anorexia
- -reduced growth
- -emaciation
- -anemia
- Ruminants: cobalt salt
- Monogastrics: vit B12
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Fluorine (F) functions
- Prevention of dental cavities
- growth
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Molybdenum (Mo) functions
- Enzyme cofactor
- Metabolism of drugs & foreign compounds
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Silicon (Si) functions
- Cross-linking in connective tissue
- Catalyst in bone calcification (?)
- Excessive silicia in plants cn reduce digestibility (urolithiasis)
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Nickel (Ni)
- Constituent of urease
- -microbial enzyme
- Can activate or inhbit certain enzymes tat contain other elements
- Deficiency only in tightly controlled experiments
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Vanadium (V) functions
- Enzyme co-factor
- Ossification of bones and teeth
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Copper (Cu) functions
- Cuproenzymes
- iron metabolism
- cytohrome c oxidase (electron transport)
- superoxide dismutase (antioxidant)
- tyrosinase (pigmentation of skin, hair, and feathers)
- Interactions: sulphur and Molybdenum will interfere with copper availability
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Manganese (Mn) Functions
- Bone structure (organic matrix)
- Activator or many enzymes
- Metalloenzymes
- Brain function
- Enzymes (cab, lipid and protein metabolism)
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Zinc (Zn) functions
- Metalloenzymes
- Stabilization of membranes
- Binding of proteins to membranes
- Control of gene transcription
- Some protein have "zinc fingers" to bind to DNA
- Immune function
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