Biology

twisted ladder aka double helix, sugar/phosphate frame, nitrogenous bases/base pairs as rungs

• Adenine
• Thymine
• Guanine
• Cytosine

A, G

T, C

• A and T
• G and C

Nitrogen bonds

• 1. Helicase unzips double helix
• 2. Free floating nucleotides fill in with complimentary bases on the exposed DNA strands
• 3. DNA polymerase fuses free floating nucleotides to complimentary DNA strands

Protein

Nitrogen base, sugar and phospate floating in nucleus

A second enzyme needed in replication

A stored code called the genetic code

Key molecules to all the functions in all living organism

Because the DNA can't leave the nucleus it needs an intermediate molecule to take the code from the DNA to the ribosomes

• ATGC
• Double stranded
• Deoxyribose sugar
• Very stable

• AUGC
• Single stranded
• Ribose sugars
• Unstable

Process of copying DNA into mRNA

• 1. Cells get signal to make protein
• 2. DNA where gene is located is unwound/split by DNA helicase
• 3. One side of the DNA will be transcribed into mRNA
• 4. Polymerase builds mRNA onto sense strand with complemenatry nucleotides
• 5. mRNA is complete and mRNA breaks away from the DNA/leaves nucleus, DNA goes back together

The side of DNA transcribed into mRNA

Side not used to make mRNA

• 1. mRNA attaches the ribosome at its start codon (AUG)
• 2. 1st codons exposed
• 3. Amino acids are floating in the cytoplasm, correct AA needs to get to the ribosome, tRNA brings AA
• 4. Comp. tRNA (with anti-codon for mRNA) brings correct amino acid
• 5. 2nd tRNA brings next amino acid
• 6. First tRNA leaves
• 7. Ribosomes moves over to expose the next codon
• 8. Repeats until reachs stop codon
• 9. Chain released, ribosome/mRNA fall apart
• 10. Protein sent through ER to the golgi for packaging

Transfer RNA

20 represented by 3 letter abbreciations

• Classic-rare/treated with cholorine
• El Tor-Most common/slight resistance to cholorine
• Bengal-Deadly/Resistant to cholorine

Criteria by which an organism could be determined to be an infectious agent (Pathogen)

• 1. Microorganism present with disease, absent when organism healthy
• 2. Be able to isolate microorganism
• 3. Cause disease again when placed in different organism
• 4. Reisolate from 2nd organism

Bacteria, virus, parasites

Single celled prokaryotic organism. Lack nuclei and mitochondria. Has a cell wall. Found anywhere.

• Helping animals make vitamins
• Keep soil fertile
• Decompose dead matter
• Help plants get nitrogen
• Carry out processes that gives us cheese/yogurt
• Help us digest

• Spherical
• Rod shaped
• Helical or spiral

Antibiotics-creating holes in cel wall

Genetic material surrounded by proteins- not cells! They take over cells

No miracle drugs, vaccines and treatments

Organisms that live at the expense of a host by using their nutrients

• 1. Mechanical damage
• 2. Posining with toxins
• 3. Robbing host of nutrients

Drugs primarily interfere with metabolsim of the parasite.

unit in messenger RNA consisting of a set of three consecutive nucleotides  specifies an amino acid.

unit of genetic code: a set of three nucleotides in transfer RNA involved in making protein

the chemical bond between carbon and nitrogen in a peptide linkage

make up proteins and are important components of cells.

fast-spreading disease

having widespread effect

Enzymes, insuline,