Radiology Final

standards for medical privacy

non-compliance of HIPAA results in

thought disease was a punishment from the gods

Four humors of the Greeks

Who influenced Hebrew medicine?

Egyptians believed ___ to be center with all channels going there.

Egyptians had ___ associated with health, illness, and death.

Egyptians linked anatomy and physiology with ____.

When an Egyptian died, they practiced ___.

believed in the eternal cycle of creation, preservation, and destruction

How did India test for diabetes?

balance of life believed by ancient chinese

Chinese believed illness resulted from disregard of ___.

Forbade the invasion of the body

Five methods of Chinese treatment

Built statues of healing gods in temple with healing water pools

father of medicine

"do no harm"

Hippocrates taught that medical professionals should:

First medical schools were established separate from the __.

spread through Europe and killed nearly 20% of population

The first hospital was built in the time of ___

Age of Scientific Revolution

made laws of motion

discovered gravity

established temperature measurement

founded the smallpox vaccine

Anatomy and physiology were related during the ___.

The 18th century brought better care for ___.

discovered bacteria as the origin of disease

founder of genetics

date of first x-ray discovery in Germany

During the 20th century, film was replaced by ___.

state of complete physical, mental, and social well being

pattern of response of a living organism to injury

death rate

occurrence of disease

three leading causes of death in US

widespread in a certain area

worldwide

diseases of infectious origin whose incidence has grown in past two decades or is projected to in near future

4 goals of the CDC

discovered the electric current by moving magnets in and out of coils

discovered streams of electrons emitted from cathode

evacuated tube

studied cathode rays and used wheel to demonstrate

found cathode rays could penetrate metal

___ began to glow when Roentgen discovered the xray.

Discovered the first x-ray in Germany

First radiograph was of ___.

attempted to explain xrays early in the discovery

___ and ____ used xrays for entertainment.

Discovered the xray in the US

Date of xray discovery in US

discovered fluoroscopy

Thomas Edison stopped his experiments when ___.

discovered that radium killed diseased cells- radiation therapy

developed mobile xray for military use

Army school to train technicians during WWII

branch of radiology using radioactive materials for medical diagnosis and treatment

inveneted cyclotron

made radioisotopes available in large quantities

discovered chain reaction in uranium

Lawrence and Fermi together had the recipe for the ___.

Social forces that affect health care

sets rate for certain procedures with no negotiation, such as Medicare and Medicaid

certain hospitals that offer all medical care for only a monthly fee

negotiates fees with hospitals

Four responsibilites of the technologist

being timely is being __.

performing as best as possible is performing ___

overview of imaging, rad tec, and healthcare system

moral, legal, and professional responsibilites learned in __.

routines for procedures over two semesters

learning to use ionizing radiation in a safe manner

ALARA

various disease conditions that may affect the image

dealwith a patient's health condition such as charts, IVs, catheters, and wheelchairs

regulations the govern the field

physical properties of radiation, and how it is produced, measured, and used

hazardous effects of radiation on living tissue

lecture learning

how well one works with others, meets patient needs, and shows good attitudes, values, and feelings

hands on phase testing anatomy, imaging, etc

observations, learning where to go and who to answer to

test in whcih a student performs an exam unassisted and is tested for all areas

Seven criteria for performance evaluations and examples

If a tech is asked what they say on an image, they should respond that they must ask ___.

N/V/D

LP

DM

MVA

DC

AMA

DNR

Fx

GSW

HA

LOC

NKDA

FB

PACU/ PAR

a

CVA

AMI

bid

BM

BRP

bx

c

s

CA

CBC

CHF

c/o

dx

pt

PT

f/u

fuo

GERD

HTN

hx

LMP

NPO

po

prn

qid

SOB

sx

TIA

tid

Tx

w/c

Three items needed for the production of an xray

most important item in xray production

positive part of the xray tube that receives electrons

negative part of xray tube that is the source of electons

An xray tube produces %___ and %___.

xrays exit tube through ___

advantages of digital imaging

image not visible until run through lazers which neutralizes phosphors

imaging plate in tube or wall and the phosphors are directly to monitor

Phosphors in the intensifying screen give off %__ and %___.

locked in a cassette

provides live action view of interior of body

Process of fluoroscopic procedures

proves cross sectional views of the body to make a 3D image and eliminate exploratory surgery

cross sectional views of the body without using ionizing radiation

MRIs use ___ and ___ to make images.

uses radiopharmaceutical injections to evaluae physiology of an organ or system with cross sectional images

radioactive material introduced through IV to produce images of major organs when the material concentrates and emits radiation in the area

used in surgers for immediate fluoroscopic image

xray tube adn film set in motion in opposite directions so that images are blurred around area of interest

advantage of tomography

high frequency sound waves and non ionizing radiation for cross sectional images

evaluates blood flow through arteries or veins

brings digital imaging together with hospital and radiology systems so patient files can be accessed from any station

removing anything from the patient that may obscure the image

cleansing and preventing further dirtying in a patient before a procedure

solutions or gases introduced into the body to provide a difference between organ and surrounding tissues

three types of contrast media

contrast with highest atomic number making it the hardest for xrays to penetrate and may cause reactions in some patients

medium of choice that cannot be absorbed by the body, but should not be used when there is a bowel perforation

contrast used primarily in chest xrays because it is easily penetrated

xrays that require multiple views and are difficult to perform

most commonly radiographed region

require at least two views for a procedure at right angles from one another

may require two views at right angles to one another and a fourty-five degree oblique view

Most ___ exams are fluoroscopic CTs

Contrast used during an esophagram and how it is used

procedure to evaluate small intestine in which the abdomen is xrayed for an hour to see the progression of the barium ingested

exam of the colon in which an air contrast is used

used to reduce cramping in a barium enema

study of the bladder to evaluate urination

performed with a scope through the esophagus to the small intestine to diagnose abnormalities in the biliary system or pancreas

iodine based contrast procedure to see arteries

iodine contrast procedure to see joint space

destroys kidney or ureter stones by using sonic shock waves

procedure requiring multiple views and using high contrast film and special cassettes

water or iodine procedure to see the subarachnoid space of the spinal cord

Who orders exams?

Jobs of a radiographer

made of polyester covered in emulsion

What encases phosphors in computer radiography?

___ is minimized in digital radiography by increasing contrast.

where manipulation of an image occurs

amount of xrays produced and penetrating power are affected by __

___ controls contrast

xray exposure rate directly proportional to time

mA and time control ___

mAs should be kept ___

product of time and milliamperage that determines quantity of radiation

degree of blackening on an area of the processed image

density surrounding the image

produced by primaty, secondary, and scattered radiation that penetrates the part and exposes film

Densities in the body from least dense to most dense

thickness of the part being examined

differences in densities between two areas on a radiograph

contrast inherent in the anatomic part being imaged to show variation

abrupt changes from black to white with few shades of gray and low kVp

gradual changes from black tow hite with many shades of gray and high kVp

false representation of true shape of object

enlargement of object controlled by OID and SID

Contributing factors to distortion and magnification

built in and inherent in computer construction to show lines and contours of an image

greatest factor affecting detail of a radiograph

standing erect, forward, arms at sides, palms up

plane diving the body into left and right halves

plane dividing body between anterior and posterior halves

plane that slants through the pt

divdes body into top and bottom halves

Nine regions of the abdoment

towards the head

towards the feet

moving the arm away from the body

moving the arm towards the body

palm side down

palm side up

spine bent forward

spine in normal position

spine bends too far backwards

move toes towards middle

move towards away

turn hand away from the radius

turn hand around from ulna

path of CR as it exits xray tube and goes through patient to IR

identigies overall posture of pt or general body

xray skims the surface

position in which person is laying on side

center ray enters and exits at a straight line

supine with head tilted down and feet hight than head

supine with head higher than feet

lean back while upright so only shoulders touch IR

outlined expected behaviors of RTs to ensure right people in the program and do what they should

How is the healthcare profession a service?

A good RT is one with a combinatin of ___ and ___ applied in a ___ and ___ manner, who works in harmony with ____.

Four interpersonal relationships developed in educational experience

RTs and ___ are part of team to provide services for diagnese and care for patients and doctors.

Patient attitude is usually ________.

What influences an attitude?

very important patient right that is the responsibility of the RT

How is patient modesty accomplished?

Examples of effective communication

What factors can affect communication?

Who's needs come first and foremost?

It is important to maintain continuing education because the field of radiology is ___.

Students are ___ responsible for actions, but protected by ____ in early stages.

After graduation, an RT becomes ___ and ___ responsible for own actions.

morals as related to behavior

___ patients require more time.

What are infants afraid of?

Onfants use ___ for movement and ___ for communication.

Law of Bergonie and Tribondgeau

Age group that is most critical to protect from overexposure

Age group with a sense of right and wrong and property

1-3 year olds can speak in ___ and follow ___

Age group with a sense of self, time, and love and esteem

Must report ____ if suspected

Communication with 3-12 year olds is ___.

Three things teenagers wants

Diseases may affect 21-45 year olds most emotionally because __________.

Age group that is concerned with maintaining independence and retirement

Most strongly opinionated age group in most cases

fasting growing population in the US is ___ years old.

Life expectancy in the US

___% of senior citizens are women.

How to treat senior citizens

Must have patient consent to report ____ by nursing homes, etc.

Senior citizens may talk about ___.

In patient care, the RT must prevent what two things?

How many internal policies should an RT use to ID a patient?

identifying factors such as date of birth, bracelet, SS#, etc

who has right to cancel a procedure?

carts, wheelchairs, beds, etc

step stool, IV stands, etc

If involved with patient care, one needs ___ cert.

Patient transfer safety techniques

blood pressure, pulse, breath rate, temp, all taken in response to institutional policy

An RT must be able to note changes in pt condition by the sense of ___.

room checklist

hospital acquired diseases

destroys viruses

keeps viruses from growing

Two ways to spread disease

putting infected patients away from other patients so that disease does not spread, ie measles

putting susceptible patients, ie burn, chemo, away from sick patients so they do not become ill

number one most effective way to prevent spread of disease

Five rights of medication administration

Optimal care by RTs include

viruses or microorganisms that cause disease

complete removal or destruction of microorganisms

violations of civil law

instilling fear in another

improper action against another

spoken defamation

written defamation

Five types of intentional tort

Process by which an unintentional tort must be analyzed

failure to fulfill expected care by reasonable person

Consent can be __, __, or ___, and ______.

Four valid consent requirements

Let the master answer

requires that an employer pay victim for torts committed by employees

the thing speaks for itself

the defendant must prove innocence in the case of a negligent suspections

degree of excellence

monitors and tests equipment and control of variable

organizational chart for production of a radiograph

How many variables do RTs control?

Three ways of administrative evaluation

most complex and complicating factor in pyramid

number one problem in most departments

used to expose films precisely so each has same density, chemicals, temp, etc

removes unexposed silver bromide crystals from film to hard it

QA techs check:

has nearly total control over the radiograph

major cause of exceessive exposure of patients to radiation

How many CE credits required by ARRT?

most important part of quality control

acceptance limits are determined by ____

personal standards are determined by ____

Two examples of communication in radiography

causes damage to living cells

Two sources of radiation

SI unit for exposure

SI unit for absorbed dose

SI unit for dose equivalent

Traditional unit for exposure

traditional unit for absorbed dose

traditional unit for dose equivalent

Function of the NCRP

xrays are packets of energy called ___

Results when a photon knocks electrons out of orbit

process of ionization results in ___

most common type of photon interaction in which an xray is absorbed

Photoelectric effect interacts with ___ electrons

photon interaction in which electrons are scattered and atoms are ionized

Compton scatter interacts with ___ electrons

source of most occupational exposure

photon interaction in which xray comes close to nucleaus then disappears

Pair production produces a ___ and ___

Four possible results of radiation on a cell

external source of radiation

internal source of xrays

accelerates electrons

xrays produced from the tube

Three best methods of protection

Radiation typically used in nuc med or rad therapy that can be ingested inhaled or absorbed

kV should be ___ as possible to reduce skin dose

intensity of beam is inversely proportional to square of distance

aluminum used to absorb harmful soft radiation

restriction of the primary radiation to a limited area

Best projection exam for shielding

measures staff exposure to radiation

ARRT

provides certification and registration for RT professions

Certification exams

Advanced level exams

ARRT board of trustees

ARRT consultants

JRCERT

national accrediting agency by USDE

JRCERT board of directors

Purpose of the JRCERT

Accreditation process

Longest accreditation award

Allegation process

Allegations must be made in ___

Why is accreditation important?

ASRT

ASRT House of Delegates

Purposes of ASRT

LSRT

Purpose of LSRT

Puts on two conferences per year for CE opportunities

AHRA

Three goals of AHRA

AERS

ARTS

includes routine xrays, portables, and surgery

determine how much radiation will be delivered to a tumor site based on the oncologist's treatment

CT is most commonly used in ___ situations

measures mineral density and strength

advanced level RT

Five things that an RA can do

two things an RA cannot do

Examples of short term post graduate education

Examples of long term post gra education

involved in purchases, management, budgets, and planning

Year that formal training for rad educators became recogonized

maintain film badge reports and completes routine checks of equipments

preventive maintenance and repair or equipment

train techs on equipment on site

Two jobs that require a bachelor of science

How often must a tech renew registration with the ARRT?

unit of measurement based on a 50 minute contact hour

alternative means of CE credits

Who does and does not require CE?

What happens if you do not comply with the ARRT?

RCEEM

CARE Bill

designed to ensure that qualified personnel perform medical imaging and rad therapy by requiring all states to license