Micro I Exam 1

the study of all living organisms  both plant & animal

the study  of animal life

the study of plant life

the study  of  microorganisms  & their effects on other organisms

any plant or animal that must be  studied using a microscope

the study of single   celled animals

includes the study  of parasites that xause malaria and amoebic dysentery

the lowest division of the animal kingdom

the study of the microorganisms called bactera

bacteria

do not have anc organized  nuclear body within  a membrane

only  blue-green algae share this characteristic

those that have a well-defined or "true" nucleus with a nuclear membrane

the study of  fungi

single-celled eucaryotic organisms

reproduce by budding

multi-cellular  eucaryotic organisms 

reproduce by condia  or zygote  formation

the study of rickettsia

small,  obligate intracellular parasites

cause disease characterized by fever and skin rashes

they are  transmitted to humans by lice, fleas, mites, and/or tics

the study of viruses

contaiin only one type of nucleic acid
    either RNA or DNA
    non-cellular

they have a protein coat

because they are non-cellular, they are obligate intracellular parasites

they  require an electron microscope to be seen

they depend on host  survival in order  to survive
   most cause mild infections that do not lead to death

the study of immunity

the condition in which protection, either natural or acquired, is obtained aginst disease causing agents

studies the relative  resistance or susceptibility of an individual to disease

   can be accomplished by the study of antigen-antibody reactions

causes:
   amoebic dysentary
   malaria
   giardiases

causes:
   pyogenic diseases
   enteric diseases
   acid-fast diseases
   spore formin diseses

causes:
   primary atypical pneumonia

causes:
   typhus fevers
   rocky mountain spotted fever
   Q fever

causes:
    trachoma
    lymphogranuloma venereum
    psittacosis
    non-gonococcal  urethritis

causes:
  diseases of the skin
      measeles
      chicken pox
      shingles

causes:
    diseases of the lungs
       common cold
       influenza

causes:
   diseases of the nerves
       rabies
       encephalitis

causes:
   diseases of viscera
       hepatitis
       yellow fever

causes:
    diseases of the glands
        mumps

causes:
   thrush or candidiasis
   vaginal yeast infection
   pneumonia of AIDS

causes:
    dermatomycoses
    systemic mycoses

"slow-virus" disease - creutzfeld-jacob diseases

naming of bacteria is accomplished by using a system called

developed by botanist carolus Linnaeus

provides a first name called a genus

provides a second name called a species

the genus is always capitalized and the species is not capitalized

the name should always be either italicized or underlined when referred to in text

this system is a part of s system that ranks all living organisms according to primarily morphological and physilogical characteristics

Binomial Nomenclature can be seen in "Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology" in the following order:

Refers to the size, shape, and arrangement of cells

standard units of measurement - inches or millimeters - are ineffective in measuring bacteria because they are much too large

the most often used unit of measurement

one millionth of a meter

1/1000^th of a millimeter

1/25,400^th of an inch

average length of protozoa

average length of molds

average length of bacteria

average length of rickettsia & mycoplasmas

average length of viruses

spherical or round cell

rod shape or cylindrical

a twisted, curved or corkscrew shaped cell

can be broken down into three subdivisions

curved or comma shaped

a spiral shape that remains rigid when in motion

a spiral shape that bends when in motion

refers to the distinct arrangements that are formed when cells cling together after cell division has occurred

the most divers bacterial shape for arrangement

two coccus shaped cells clinging together

three or more cocci forming a cluster

three or more cocci forming a chain

a grouping of four coccus cells

a cubical packet of eight coccus cells

two rod shaped cells forming a pair

three or more bacilli attached end to end to form a chain

least diverse

they occur only as single units

it is responsible for maintaining the size and shape of a living cell

serves as a reference point for describing the location of other cell parts

serves as the reference point for the "Gram Stain"
     a differential stain for bacteria

found just inside the cell wall

a semipermeable membrane

controls the osmosis of substances into and out of the cell

acts as an osmotic barrier

allows for secretory and excretory functions

found only in those bacteria able to produce it

it is a slimy, mucilaginous (geletin like) coating outside of the cell wall

protects the cell
     by acting as a buffer against harmful chemicals
     by resisting dehydration

increases virulence of the cell
           makes it better able to cause disease
     by inhibiting or retarding phagocytosis
     by helping the cell to attach to surfaces

the semifluid inside a cell
     material in which many physiologic functions take place
     the location of many of the organelles of a cell

aids the cell in reproduction by seperating the new copies of DNA

serves as the location of the enzymes necessary for bacterial respiration
      part of the metabolism process

location of the bacterial DNA

functions as the brain of the cell
    carries the inheritable characteristics of the cell
    controls metabolism

there is no membrane around the nuclear body of bacterial cells
    the nuclear material is scattered and loosely diffused throughout the cell

serves as a source of protection when environmental conditions are not favorable for survival or growth
     such as in conditions of heat, drying, poor nutrient supply, & chemical exposure

only two genera of bacteria are capable of forming spores
     bacillus & clostridium

under adverse conditions the cell will be stimulated to form an endospore

when the conditions for growth improve, the endospore will then convert into a living, growing, vegetative cell

genera that are able to form spores include the species that cause:

spore-forming bacteria are able to survive under conditions that would kill most bacteria

normal procedures of disinfection and sterilization are often not sufficient to control the growth of these organisms

sometimes called granules

serve as a storage place for food reserves or as an accumulation point for substances formed in excess of the immediate needs of the cell

the site of protein synthesis

it builds the proteins that are necessary for cell growth and metabolism

these are found external of the cell wall

they provide motility for the cell

nnot all bacteria have them

also known as fimbriae

found externally but extend through the cell wall to attach to the cell membrane

serve as a mechanism of attachment of the cell to a surface
      enhances the ability for colonization and infection

this allows the bacterium ______________ to attach to the urethra rather than be washed away?

serves to mediate a form of sexual reproduction utilized by bacteria

a form of sexual reproduction utilized by bacteria

singular form of pili

What other organism besides bacteria are prokaryotic?

How do yeasts reproduce?

How do molds reproduce? (2)