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What are gametes?
sex cells (male and female reproductive cells)
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What do the sperm and ovum provide?
the gametes
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What is a zygote?
- the production of fertilization
- a single cells that repeatedly divides until it becomes and infant
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What are spermatoza?
sperm cells
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What is the scrotum?
pouch of skin, inferior to perineum
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What is the gubernaculum testis?
cord of connective tissue and muscle fibers that holds testes in place
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What are the spermatic cords made of?
- layers of fascia
- tough connective tissue
- muscle
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What do the spermatic cords enclose?
blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics supplying the testes
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When do the spermatic cords form?
during the descent of the testes
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Why are inguinal hernias so common in men?
the spermatic cords create weak spots in the abdominal wall
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What is the tunica vaginalis?
serous membrane that covers the outside of each testis and lines the scrotal cavity
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What is the function of the tunica vaginalis?
reduce friction between opposing surfaces
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What does the contraction of the dartos muscle cause?
the wrinkling of the scrotal surface and assists in elevation of the testes
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What type of muscle tissue is the dartos muscle?
smooth
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What is the function of the contraction of the cremaster muscle?
to tense the scrotum and pull them closer to the body
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What is the temperature required for normal sperm development?
2 degrees F lower than the rest of the body
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What is the main function of the cremaster muscle?
to move the testes away from or toward the body as needed to maintain accepatable testicular teperatures.
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What is the tunica albuginea?
- DF layer around testes and covered by tunica vaginalis
- has collagen fibers that are continuous with the epididymis
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What is the function mediastinum of the testis?
support the blood vessels and lymphatics supplying the testis and ducts that collect and transport sperm to epididymis
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Where does sperm production occur?
in the seminiferous tubles
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What are the functions of testosterone?
- spermogenesis
- maturation of spermatoza
- maintain accessory organs
- development of secondary sex traits
- growth and metabolism of body
- sex drive and sexual behavior
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What is spermogenesis?
development of spermatoza
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What are spermatogonia?
stem cells that develop as baby, but stay dormant until puberty, and then start to divide
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What are the functions of nurse cells?
- maintain blood-testis barrier
- spermiogenesis
- spermatogenisis
- secrete inhibin
- secrete androgen-binding protein
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What is the function of inhibin?
sperm production
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What are the regions of spermatozoon?
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Describe the head of spermatozoon.
- has densely packed chromosomes
- ans acrosomal cap
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What is the acrosomal cap?
membrane bound compartment with enzymes for fertilization
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Describe the neck portion of spermatozoon.
- has centrioles of original spermatid
- spiraled mitochondria to move the tail
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Describe the tail of the sperm.
- flagellum
- moves the cells from place to place
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Describe the head of the epididymis.
recieves spermatozoa via the efferent ducts of the meiastinum
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describe the tail of the epididymis.
- reverses diretion
- sperm storage
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What are the functions of the epididymis?
- monitor fluids of produced by seminiferous tubules
- recycling center for damaged spermatozoa
- stores spermatozoa
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How do spermatozoon mature?
2 weeks through epididymis
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How do spermatozoa become active?
they must undergo capacitation
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What is capacitation?
when spermatozoa become active, motile, and fully functional
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How does capacitation occur?
- spermatozoa become motile when mixed with secretions of seminal glands
- OR they become capable of sucessful fertilization when membrane permeability changes
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What is in the walls of the vas deferens? function?
- smooth muscle
- contracts propel spermatozoafluid along tract
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What are the functions of the vas deferens?
- transport sperm
- store sperm
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What are the major functions of accessary glands of the male reproductive system?
- activate spermatozoa
- provide nutrients for motility
- produce buffers to counteract acidity of vagianl contents
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