b. Sodium movement into the cell must exceed potassium movement out of the cell
c. the membrane must be out of the absolute refractory period
d. all of the above
The hormone insulin caused the transport of glucose into body cells. Its secretion is controlled by negetive feedback system. Which of the following is most likely to be correct?
b. An increase in blood glucose concentration will stimulate insulin secretion, which will in turn lower the blood glucose concentration.
Homestatis
a. depends primarily on positive feedback
b. depends upon the interaction of receptors, integrating centers, and effectors
c. depends primarily upon negetive feedback
d. b and c
The way in which the nervous system can detect the intensity of a stimulus is
b. the frequency of action potentials
Cell membrane receptors are
a. proteins
Which of the following statements applies to paracrine regulation
b. Prostaglandins are paracrine chemicals
c. paracrine chemicals are released by cells in a tissue and a act on cells in the same vicinity
d. b and c
Which of the following would be likely to alter a cell's resting membrane potential
a. loss of na+ through dehydration
b. opening chemical-gated Na+ channels
c. stopping the Na+/K+ pump
d. an excess of K+ in the ECF
e. all of the above
A protein is found in blood that is produced by the pituitary gland and acts on the testes, the protein i sclassified as a/an
d. hormone
Cell membranes
c. consist primarily of phosopholipids and proteins
The process of breaking down glucose to form ATP energy
a. glycolysis
Enzymes
a. are shape-specific proteins
Which of the following can be used to produce ATP by cellular respiration?
a. carbohydrates
b. lipids
c. proteins
d. a,b and c
Ammonia is
b. processed by the live to a less toxic compount
c. a waste product of protein metabolism
e. b and c
Which of th following is true of cell membranes?
c. some proteins integrated into the membrane serve as channels for the passage of ions through the membrane
Which of the following is true of cell membranes?
c. does not requre a carrier protein
d. is influenced by the surface area of the membrane
e. c and d
Which of the following could most easily cross the lipid portion of the plasma membrane?
a. fatty acids
Which of the following statments regarding the active transport of substances across cell membranes is correct?
a. both primary and seceondary active transport will eventually use ATP energy
b. active transport moves molecules from their low concentration to their high concentration
e. a,b and c
Which of the following statements about the Na+/K+ pump is false?
d. It transports Na+ and K+ in a 3:1 ratio
Which of the following examples of transport requires a carrier protein?
a. facilitated diffusion of glucose down its concentration gradient
c. the Na+/K+ pump
e. both a and c require a carrier protein
Which of the following statements regarding endocytosis and exocytosis is correct?
a. endocytosis is a method by which large molecules may be brought into the cell
b. exocytosis is a method by which large molecules may be excreted from the cell
c. a and b
A chemical messenger is released by a cell within the thyroid gland and binds to receptors on other thyroid cells and to receptors on itself. This chemical messenger woudl be considered
c. Paracrine factor
d. autocrine factor
e. c and d are correct
The concentration gradient for Na+
a. favors its diffusion into a cell
c. is maintained by the Na+/K+ pump
d. a and c
In response to falling blood pressure, the nervous system will stimulate the heart to pump harder and increase blood pressure. This is an example of
a. extrinsic regulation to accomplish negative feedback
If a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution
b. the cell will crenate
c. the solution has a higher concentration of solutes than the cell
e. b and c are true
If transepithelial transport of glucose from the lumen of the intestine into the bloodstream, which of the following moves in to the apical surface of the epithelial cell without the expenditure of ATP energy?
b. glucose
c. sodium
e. b anc c are correct
Which of the following types of transport does not rely on a concentration gradient?
d. filtration
Increasing the concentration of a substrate for an enzyme-catalyzed reaction will increase the rate of the reaction until the point of is reached
b. saturation
Which of the following types of transport is involved in transepithelial transport of sodium?
a. active transport of Na+
c. diffusion of Na+ through a channel
e. a and c
Which of the following would generally cause an increased (enzyme-catalyzed) reaction rate?
a. increased substrate concentration
b. increased enzyme concentration
e. a and b only
Which of the following examples of transport does not require a carrier protein
b. diffusion of K+ down its concentration gradient
d. the movement of water into a cell
e. neither b or d requires a carrier protein
Place the number of these components of a reflex arc in the correct order?
1. effector
2. receptor
3. afferent pathway
4. stimulus
5. integration center
6. efferent pathway
b. 423561
Which of the following is responsible for restoring the resting electrical gradient (polarized nature) of the plasma membrane after an action potential?
e. the opening of voltage-gated K+ channels
The absolute refractory period of a cell has primarily to do with
a. the status of the voltage-gated Na+ channels
Opening gated Na+ channels in a cell membrane would result in
c. depolarization
d. The inside and the outside of the cell membrane becoming more similar
e. both c and d are true
The movement of which ion will dependably cause depolarization
a. sodium
The process of making glucose from amino acids
b. gluconeogenesis
When an enzyme is controlled by a molecule binding somewhere other than trhe active site, it is called
c. allosteric regulation
The sodium/potassium pump is a protein that pumps out of the cell and into the cell
a. carrier, Na+, K+
which of the following statements about transepithelial transport of glucose with sodium is true
d. glucose and sodium both move into the apical surface of the cell
What type of ion channels are responsible for establishing the resting membrane potential of a cell
a. leak channels
Hypocalcemia explains the basis for stopping the heartbeat during lethal injection
false
A cell must have equal intracellular and extracellular concentrations of Na+ and K+ in order to be homeostatically balanced
false
a system in which the response increases the strength of the original stimulus is know as negative feedback
false (postive feedback)
graded potentials can be either depolarizing or hyperpolarizing
true
Blood clotting is an example of positive feedback since the action of the effector amplifies the original stimulus
true
Allosteric regulation often involves the covalent attachment of a phospahte group to an enzyme to change the enzyme activity
false
A strong stimulus produces a strong action potential
false
during the reletive refractory period, thes timulus intensity required to start an action potential is greater
true
the charge inside the cell membrane is positive at resting membrane potential
false
The primary source of negative charges in the intracellular fluid is the presence of chloride ions
false
In skeletal muscle, ATP
d. allows myosin to release actin and cock back
which type of muscle fiber is least resistant to fatigue (fatigues the easiest)
d. fast glycolytic
when an acetylcholinesterase (AchE) antagonist is in the synapse
e. there will be more acetylcholine in the synapse
rigor mortis occurs in a dead person because
a. Atop, which is necessary for the removal of Ca2+ from the sarcomere, is not being formed
which of the following statements regarding the shortening of a skeletal muscle fiber is not true? when a skeletal muscle fiber shortens
c. the actin and myosin myofilaments shorten
which neurotransmitter is implicated in Parkinson's disease
b. dopamine
The tension in a skeletal muscle can be increased by
a. temporal summation of a muscle fiber
b. motor unit summation
d. a and b
an inhibitory postsynatptic potential (IPSP)
b. is produced by an increased membrane permeability to K+
What will happen to the concentration of a neurotransmitter in a synaptic cleft when the frequency of action potentials increases in the presynaptic neuron
a. it increases
The EPSPs from two differnet synapses occur at the same time and cause a larger depolarization than either one alone could cause. This is an example of
d. Spatial summation in neurons
Which of the following is parasympathetic nervous system function
a. increase smooth muscle contraction in the digestive tract
The binding of a neurotransmitter to its receptor at an inhibitory synapse can lead to the of channels
d. opening; potassium
Predict the response of the smooth muscle of the uterus to sympathetic nervous system stimulation
d. inhibition and relaxation
exocytosis of a neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft is triggered by an influx of (to the presynaptic cell) in response to the arrival of an action potential in the axon terminal
c. Ca2+
when skeletal muscle has been working for an extended period of time (more than 15 minutes, but less than 40), the primary source of ATP is
c. metabolism of blood glucose
The transverse (T) tubules in a skeletal muscle fiber
c. provide a means of transmitting an action potential in the muscle sarcolemma to the central portions of the muscle fiber
The neurotransmitter used in communication between a sympathetic motor neuron and a cardic muscle cell is
a. norepinephrine
Which of the following is a biogeneic aminethat is NOT classified as a catecholamine
c. seratonin
Place the following steps of crossbridge formation in the correct order
1. AP reaches T-Tubules
2. Tropomyosin moves to reveal active sites
3. Ca+2 is released from the SR
4. Crossbridge forms
5. Ca+2 binds to troponin
b.13524
which of the following statements about acetylcholine is correct
a. acetylchoine binds to cholinergic receptors
b. acetycholine binds to nicotinic and muscarinic receptors
d. a and b
An EPSP in a membrane
a. is often a direct result of the opening of chemical-gated Na+ channels in the membrane
"Motor unit" refers to
a. a single motor neuron plus all of the skeletal muscle fibers in innervates
A marathon runners legs would likely contain extremely well-trained fibers?
d. slow oxidative
a myofibril is
b. composed of actin and myosin
c. composed of proteins
e. b and c
The way in which the nervous system can detect the intensity of a stimulus is
b. the frequency of action potentials
During a skeletal muscle fiber twitch, Ca+2 is pumped back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum primarily during the phase?
d. relaxation
Which of the following drugs does NOT act at opioid receptors?
c. LSD
Which of the following neurotransmitters is lipid-soluble and is contained in chocolate?
b. anandamide
The response of a single skeletal muscle cell to a single action potential is termed
c. a twitch
Calcium is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum and then travels to the sarcomere via and it is taken back up into the SR via .
a. diffusion; primary active transport
The nervous system uses ca+2 to initiate neurotransmitter exocytosis, and skeletal muscle uses Ca+2 to initiate sarcomere contraction.
c. extracellular; intracellular
Place the following action of synaptic transmission in the correct order;
1.vboltage-gated Ca+2 channels open on synaptic terminal of presynaptic cell
2. voltage-gated Na+2 cannels open on axon of presynaptic cell
3. neurotransmitter released
4. chemical-gated channels open on postsynaptic cell
d. 2134
which of the following neurotransmitters binds to adrenergic receptors
e. Adrenaline, epinephrine, norepinephrine
A postsynaptic neuron has three presynaptic inputs-from neurons, X, Y and Z. When X and Y are stimulated simultaneously and repeatedly, the postsynaptic neuron reaches threshold and undegoes an action potential. When X and Z are stimulated simultaneously, however, there is no change in the membrane potential of the postsynaptic neuron. What can you tell about presynaptic neurons Y and Z
c. Y is probably excitatory and Z is probably inhibitory
BLANK is an amino acid neurotransmitter at excitatory synapses whereas is an amino acid neurotransmitter at inhibitory synapses
a. aspartate; glycine
The neurotransmitter released from postganglionic neurons in the parasympathetic nervous system is
b. acetylchoine
Endorphins and enkephalins bind to which of the following receptors
d. Opioid
The release of a phosphate from the myosin molecule directly results in which of the following
b. power stroke
put the following sources of energy for skeletal muscle contraction in the order in which they would be utilized
1. ATP bound to myosin thick filaments
2. blood glucose
3. creatine phosphate
4. fatty acid metabolism
5. stored glycogen
d. 13524
The binding of calcium to troponin will directly cause which of the following
d. the movement of tropomyosin, exposing the actin active sites
Aerobic, or low-intensity, muscle training eventually results in
e. more capillaries, more myoglobin
What is the effect of parasympathetic postganglionic acetycholine
c. not enough information to determine
the preganglionic synapses in the sympathetic nervous system are
b. excitatory and cholinergic
which molecule is NOT physically associated with or part of the thin filament
a. ATP
in resting state, covers the actin active site
c. tropomyosin
multi-unit smooth mjuscle has gap juntion and all cells act as a single functional unit
false
muscles used for delicate, finely controlled movements have smaller, more numerous motor units than more coarsely system???????
true
The afferent division of the peripheral nervous system consists of the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system
false
the difference in color between white muscle fibers and red muscle fibers is accounted for by the greater abundance of glycogen in white muscle fibers
false
a neurotransmitter that opens chemical-gated sodium channels on the postsynaptic cell would cause an IPSP on the postsynaptic cell
false
during the isotonic contraction of a skeletal-muscle fiber, tension increases but the fiber length stays the same
false
the site of calcium ion storage in muscle cells is the transverse tubules
false
during the skeletal muscle contraction, the I band and H zone shorten but the A band stays the same
true
the neurotransmitter used primarily for reward and reinforcement in teh CNS is GABA
false (its dopamine?)
If the somatic motor neuron is damaged permanently the muscle cell it stimulates can still contract normally
false
this hormone is called a mineralocorticoid because it helps regulate the concentration of mineral electrolytes, such as sodium and potassium ions
b. Aldosteron
This gland secretes growth hormone
c. Anterior pituitary
Ca+2 is required during coagulation in the
d. Intrinsic pathway, extrinsic pathway, common pathway
Which hormone is released in response to low levels of calcium in the bloodstream
e. PTH (parathyroid hormone)
Which is involved for the extrinsic pathway of blood clotting
d. tissue factor III. Tissue damage. Ca+2
Gonadotropin releasing hormone stimulates the release of which of the following from the anterior pituitary
e. follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone
the pancreas secretes hormones involved directly in regulation of
a. blood glucose
Which of the following is NOT a hypophysiotropic hormone
a. TSH
An individual with bulging eyes (exophthalmos) may
b. be secreting excessive thyroid hormone
The thyroid gland secretes
b. calcitonin
the adrenal cortex is not directly involved in
regulation of Ca+2 balance
Blood clots are primarily made of a protein called .
fibrin
a deficiency of dietary chjolesterol would decrease the production of
e. estrogens
One major target of antidiuretic hormone is
b. the kidneys
Which of the following hormones targets the anterior pituitary
d. GHIH
which of the following is not a steroid hormone
a. calcitonin
which of the following hormones affects fluid volume and blood volume
d. aldosterone, vasopression
insulin is secreted by the cells of the .
beta; pancreas
steroid and thyroid hormones have receptors that are located BLANK of the target cell
e. in the ICF. In the nucleus
What is the function of plasmin
c. dissolve blood clots
If an individual takes large amounts of testosterone for a period of time, which of the following hormones would you expect to find in decreased concentration in the blood
d. Gonadotropin releasing hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone
Chronic hypersecretion of a hormone can lead to the receptor for that chemical messenger on the target cell
e. downregulation of. Hyporesponsiveness of
which disorder represents a hyposecretion disorder
e. addisions disease. Diabetes insipidus
Which of the listed signal transduction mechanisms could not be initiated with a water-soluble chemical messenger
b. gene activation
place the following stages of hemostasis in order:
1. Platelet plug formation
2. coagulation
3. fibrinolysis
4. Clot retraction
5.vasoconstriction
c. 51243
which of the following is NOT a hormone released from the anterior pituitary
b. porlactin inhibiting hormone
Which of the following hormone is NOT released from the adrenal gland
a. somatotropin
Which of the following is NOT involved in the control of hormone levels in the blood
Molecular size of the hormone molecule
Choose target(s) for vasopressin
e. kidneys, blood vessels
Choose the signal transduction mechanism used by acetylcholine to initiate skeletal muscle contraction
A. Ion channel receptor
Gluconeogenesis may be stimulated by which of the following hormones
e. glucagon. cortisol
A person is diagnosed with hypothyroidism and his T3, T4, TSH, and TRH all measure lower than normal values. What is the most likely diagnosis
c. tertiary hypothyroidism
what controls oxytocin release
a. hypothalamus action potentials
a peptide hormone that is responsible for stimulating sperm development by the testis is
a. follicle stimulating hormone
Which phase of the general adaptation syndrome includes elevated levels of cortisol and aldosterone
b. resistance phase
choose the enzyme that begins the common pathway of coagulation
b. prothrombinase
BLANK inhibits the release of glucagon
d. high plasma glucose
prolactin releasing hormone (PRH) is produced in the
a. hypothalamus
aldosterone stimulates
d. Na+ reabsorption. K+ secretion
All hormones must be bound to carrier/binding/escort proteins in the blood plasma in order to travel to target cells.
false
Cortisol and insulin can both activate gluconeogenesis
false
destruction of the hypophyseal portal vessel would eventually cause increased TRH secretion
true
insulin receptors are located on plasma membranes
true
Type 1 diabetes insipidus is caused by a lack of insulin
false
hypersecretion of growth hormone during childhood will cause precocial puberty
false
treatment for type 1 diabetes mellitus involves injections of glucagon
false
a tumor stimulating oversecretion of hormones by the parathyroid gland would cause plasma Ca+2 to increase
true
Hashimoto's disease is associated with low levels of triiodothyronine
true
dopamine is released from the hypothalamus and the adrenal cortex
false
type 2 diabetes is an autoimmune disease where antibodies/white blood cells destroy the pancreatic islets
false
ANP will cause the blood pressure to and aldosterone will cause the blood pressure to .
d. decrease, increase
Which of the following statements is true concerning the depolarization of a cell in the SA node
c. the pacemaker action potential is slower in achieving threshhold when acetycholine is applied to cells
Which type of vessel has the highest pressure
a. arteries
Which of the following will DECREASE systemic blood pressure
a. vasodilation
Choose the correct description of Starling's law
b. increase venous return stretches the sarcomeres of the heart to their optimal length
With regard to the regulation of heart rate
e. stimulation of parasympathetic nerves to the heart causes a slowing of heart rate.
Stimulation of sympathetic nerves to the heart causes an increase in heart rate.
A person whose heart lacks all autonomic innervation has a faster heart rate at rest than a person with a normally innervated heart
Which of the following channels are involved in contractile cells of the heart
e. voltage-gated Na+ channels. Voltage-gated Ca+2 channels
which of the following factors would tend to increase blood pressure
e. increased sympathetic stimulation of the blood vessels. Increased blood volume.
Increased venous return.
Increase epinephrine release from adrenal medulla
The carotid sinus baroreceptor reflex
d. regulates blood pressure to the brain.
responds to low blood pressure by activating the sympathetic nervous system
responds to high blood pressure by activating the parasympathetic nervous system
If an increase in blood pressure is detected in the right atrium, which of the following would occur
e. sympathetic increases of heart rate.
increased vasconstriction
The aortic arch baroreceptor reflex
e. regulates systemic arterial blood pressure
Responds to high pressure by activating the parasympathetic nervous system
responds to low pressure by activating the cardioacceleratory center in the medulla oblongata
Which of the following would directly add to vessel resistance
d. increased vessel length due to weight gain
atherosclerosis
dehydration leading to added viscosity
put the following events in the cardiac cycle in order, beginning immediately after atrial contraction
1. isovolumetric ventricular relaxation
2. isovolumetric ventricular contraction
3. ventricular filling
4. ventricular ejection
c. 2413
Which of the following would cause an increase in cardiac output, if detected in the aortic arch
e. low systemic arterial 02
high systemic arterial CO2
low systemic arterial pH
high systemic arterial H+
which of the following will increase stroke volume
d. increased sympathetic stimulation.
increased preload.
increased venous return
Afferent arteriole vasoconstriction blood flow into the glomerulus, which causes the glomerular capillary blood pressure to , leading to a(n) in the net filtration pressure and a resultant in the GFR.
b. decreases; decreases; decreases; decreases
As resistance increases, systemic blood flow will , as (difference in pressure) P increases, systemic blood flow tends to .
d. decrease, increase
basic renal processes include
e. none of the above (filtration from bowman's capsule into the glomerulus. secretion from the tubule into the peritubular capillaries. Reabsorption from the capillaries into the tubules)
The amount of a substance that is excreted in the urine is equal to the amount that is plus the amount that is BLANK minus the amount that is .
d. filtered, secreted, reabsorbed
each of the following substances is initially present in filtrate in the PCT in the kidney. Which one is not normally present in urine?
e. glucose
which of the following substance undergo renal secretion
c. calcium ion, sodium ion
which organ has the most variable blood flow needs
d. skeletal muscles
the myogenic regulation response in the kidney to HIGH systemic blood pressure would be
a. constrict afferent arterioles
which of the following would cause an increase in Na+ reabsorption at the proximal convoluted tubule
e. none of the above (decreased blood volume, decreased blood pressure, decreased cardiac output.)
In order for WATER to be absorbed at the distal convoluted tubule, must be present
b. ADH
what is the condition of the valves during ventricular ejection
a. atrioventricular valves: closed; semilunar valves: open
which is true of tubuloglomerular feedback
d. increased flow in the distal convoluted tubule causes an afferent arteriole constriction response
which of these is true
When resistance increases, flow decreases.
When vessel radius increases flow increases
which of the following decreases EDV (end-diastolic ventricular volume)?
d. afterload
sympathetic nervous system stimulation increases
ventricular contractility
SA node depolarization
Angiotensin II
causes vasoconstriction
stimulates aldosterone release from the adrenal cortex
is produced when blood pressure is low
is produced by ACE
If stoke volume falls because of a weak myocardium, the body will attempt to maintain blood flow by
c. increasing heart rate
exercise will increase which of the following
e. heart rate
stroke volume
venous return
blood pressure
which of the following would cause local arteriole vasoconstriction, if detectred in a specific systemic capillary bed
e. none of the above (low O2, High CO2, low pH)
increasing the GFR will increase the loss rate of sodium into the urine
true
renin is released in the kidney in response to high blood pressure
false
cardiac muscle cannot undergo tetanus because its absolute refratoryperiod lasts as long as the muscle contraction
true
the pons of the brain controls heart rate
false (I think has to do with urinary)
aldosterone cause sodium secretion and potassium reabsorption
false
valves are important for promoting one-way flow of blood through the heart and veins
true
hypertension is often treated with drugs that increase resistance
false
the sinoatrial node is normally the hearts pacemaker because it has the fastest spontaneous rate of depolarization
true
the most important function of the cardiovascular system is to maintain blood pressure within normal ranges, regardless of blood flow to capillary beds
false (most important is blood capillary beds)
increased parasympathetic stimulation of the heart will decrease heart rate and stroke volume
false
the three mechanisms used to regulate blood pressure are: vessel diameter, vessel length, and cardiac output
false
sympathetic nervous system activation tends to increase glomerular filtration rate
false
regulated K+ reabsorption (this was not a complete question so the answer was true)
true
glomerular filtration is very effective, in part because of the diameter of the efferent arteriole is larger than the afferent arteriole
false (afferent arteriole is larger)
The functional contractile unit of skeletal muscle tissue is the
sarcomere
when the myosin head an an actin active site are attached to one another, it is called a
crossbridge
the protein barrier must be moved for the myosin head to bind to the actin active site
tropomyosin
maintaining postural staility and trying to move a load that will not move are examples of contractions.
isometric
BLANK receptors bind epinephrine and norepinephrine
adrenergic
List the steps in the synaptic transmission and skeletal muscle fiber activity leading to crossbridge formation. stop at crossbridge formation.
1. acetycholine
2. receptors - sodium gated channels
3. t-tubules
4. presynaptic motor neuron
5. Action Potential
6. neuromuscular junction
7. voltage gated ca2+ channels
8. Action Potential
9. sarcoplasmic reticulum
10. calcium released
11. calcium bind troponin
12. myosin heads
13. tropomyosin move
14. actin active site
15. crossbridge
4, 5, 7, 1, 6, 2, 3, 9, 10, 11, 13, 12, 14, 15
write the summary equation for aerobic cellular respiration
c6 h12 o6 o2 = ATP co2 h20
List three stages of aerobic cellular respiration (of glucose) in order
How many ATP's are produced in the entire process of aerobic cellular respiration, from a single molecule of glucose, if oxygen is present
36-38
In three sentences or fewer explain significance of cellular respiration to the concept of human physiology
low cellular respiration means low oxygen which makes it so you can't go into krebs cycle and then oxidative phosphoralation which in turn causes less productin of ATP which makes the sodium potassium pump not work and disturbs homeostasis of the cell.
Explain the transepithelial transport of glucose from the lumen of hte intestine until it enters the bloodstream. Name all transport proteins (channels v. carriers) and types of transport used in the entire process
glucose is in the lumen of the intestine it then crosses epithelial sheet lining with facilitated diffusion then it goes to apical surface and uses carrier "hitchhiker" protein with Na+ so secondary active transport, to go into the cell. Then glycolysis occurs and/or extra glucose turned into glycogen and the rest moved with a facilitated carrier and diffuses into the bloodstream through the capillaries.
If the testes were removed from a patient, one would expect his levels of anterior pituitary hormone, to (raise or lower), and his levels of the hypothalamus hormone, to (raise or lower) because of the loss of feedback.
The common pathway of blood clotting begins with productin of the enzyme?
Prothrombinase
Hyper secretion of growth hormone during adulthood causes the endocrine disorder
Acromegly
The hormone inhibits oogenesis
inhibin
example of
a hormone controlling hormone secretion
the nervous system controlling hormone secretion
nutrient or ion (non-hormone substance) controlling secretion can do flow chart
a. hormone control hormone = reproductive
b. nervous control hormone = oxytocin, ADH
c. nutrient or Ion (non hormone substance) = calcitonin
gonadotropins releasing hormone stimulate the release of which from Anterior pituitary
?
Which hypothalamus hormone indirectly causes release of cortisol
which of the following NOT hypophysiotropic hormone (goes from the hypothalamus to ant. pit)
TSH (goes from ant. pit. to thyroid)
TRH
cRH
GHIH
PIH
which would be released in response to high blood plasma calcium levels
calcitonin (tones down blood ca2+ levels)
which of following targets ant pit?
GHIH
FSH - hormones gonads
ACTH - adrenal cortex
GH - everywhere
which is a lipid soluble hormone
T3 - lipid soluble amine
thyhroxine - T4
coritcosterone - steroid
DHEA - androgen steroid
which hormone is a peptide
PTH
T3 - lipid soluble amine
aldosterone - steroid
norepinephrine - amine
norepinephrine - amine
which follow functions is regulated by corticosteroids (salt sugar sex)
blood glucose levels
sodium concentrations
sex hormones
potassium concentrations
Which hormone uses gene activation to do the signal transduction mechanism (lipid soluble)
cortisol
a person is diagnosed with hypethyroidism and his t3 t4 and TSH all measure lower than normal whats diagnosis
secondary hypothyroidism
which following hormoens target bone specifically
PTH, calcitonin
which signal transduction is not possible to initiate with a water soluble hormone?f
gene activation
which disorder is a hypo secretion disorder?
addisons - cortisol (is hypo secretion of cortisol)
diabetes insipidus - ADH
which hormone is released due to varying concentrations of nutrients or ions in teh blood stream
Insulin, aldosterone, calcitonin, PTH (all of these)
which hormone are involved in the resistance phase of the general adaptation syndrome
Cortisol, Aldosterone
Epinephrine and dopamine are alarm phase
which inhibits spermatogenesis?
Inhibin
which is a metabolic effect of epinephrine hormone
Increased skeletal muscle metabolism, glycogenolysis in skeletal muscle, lipolysis
(epi tries to raise nutrient circulation level)
glycogeneis (drops glucose level dont want do this)
the productio of RBC is called
erythropoiesis
name 3 vitamins or minerals required for erythropoiesis
Iron, folic acid, vitamin B12
name one kidney hormone required for erythropoiesis
erythropoitin EPO
what is the target of erythropoiesis
red bone marrow stem cells
why do males tend to have more RBC than females
more testosterone
when o2 is bond to hemoglobin, it is called
oxyhemoglobin
define hemostasis
mechanisms to stop bleeding
name five stages of hemostasis, as described in your notes
vasoconstriction
platelet plug formation (platelet phase)
clotting (coagulation phase)
clot retraction phase
fibrinolysis phase
the pathway for blood clotting that is initiated by chemicals released by a damaged vessel wall or damaged tissue is called the pathway and is fastest way to initiate blood clotting
extrinsic
the common pathway of blood clotting begfins with Xa, also called
coagulation
activated or sticky platelets initiate the pathway of blood clotting
intrinsic
how does aspirin prevent inappropriate clotting
interferes with prostaglandin synthesis - platelets less sitcky, inappropriate plugs and clots
when is Ca2+ required for blood clotting
all
intrinsic pathway
extrinsic pathway
common pathway
blood clots are primarily made of a protein called