Biology 107 Section 1

• 1. Carbohydrates
• 2. Lipids
• 3. Protiens
• 4. Nucleic Acids

Monosaccharides or Simple Sugars

Sugars (glucose), Starch, Glycogen, etc..

No real monomer, but made up of C, H, and O atoms

Unsaturated or Saturated Fats, Phosopholipids, Steroids, Cholesterol, etc..

Amino Acids and Polypeptides

Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, and Quaternary.

Nucleotides

DNA and RNA

A phosphate group, glycerol, and 2 fatty acids

Make up the cell membrane and forms bilayer

• NO membrane bound organelles
• DNA is in nucleoid region
• Possess a cell wall OUTSIDE of plasma membrane

• Membrane bound organelles
• DNA in nucleus
• do not ALWAYS possess a cell wall

• Lysosome (for enzymes)
• Centrosomes (organizational)
• Flagella (cell mobility)

• Chloroplasts (photosynthesis)
• Central Vacuole (storage)
• Cell Wall (structure)
• Plasmodesmata (bridge between cells)

Light passes through the cell sample

• Electrons focused on cell sample 
• SEM & TEM

• Scanning Electron Microscopy
• Focus on cell surface

• Transmission Electron Microscopy
• Focuses inside the cell

Breaking cell open to purify organelles

Houses the DNA

double membrane structure surrounding the nucleus

Pores in envelope with proteins in it

A long piece of DNA with a lot of proteins

Complexes of rRNA and protein to build protein

• 1. Free Ribosomes
• 2. Bound Ribosomes

A group of organelles related by physical contact

Small vesicles or sacs of membranes

Surrounds the nucleus and has two parts: smooth ER and rough ER

There are no ribosomes. Synthesizes lipids, detoxifies drugs, and stores calcium.

It is bounded by protein. It makes protein, acts as a gatekeeper of vesicular transport, makes membrane. 

A group of flattened stacks (called cisternae).  Two sides of the golgi: recieving side from the ER called cis and exporting side called trans.

• 1. Modifies protein
• 2. Storage
• 3. Organization
• 4. Makes carbohydrates

Sacs of membrane with enzymes in it.

• To eat a cell (phagocytosis) 
• Digestion of old organelles (autophagy)

Mitochondria and Chloroplasts came from the engulfment of prokaryotes because they have similar structure.

A double membrane.  Inner membrane is a lipid bilayer that extensively folds.  Purpose of folds gives more surface area for enzymes.

Inside inner membrane where free ribosomes are.

Between inner membrane and outer membrane.

Cellular Respiration occurs and production of ATP.

Double membrane structure that holds thykaloids, granum, and stroma.

Gives green pigment and where photosynthesis occurs.

Single membrane structure.

• Detoxify harmful compounds
• Break down fatty acids

• To support organelles and shape of cell.
• Cell motility

• 1. Microtubules
• 2. Microfilaments
• 3. Intermediate Filaments

• Biggest 
• Tubulin dimers that form a hollow tube.

Cell motility, support cell shape and organelles movements (acts as tracks they move along).

• Smallest
• Actins that make up 2 intertwined strands.

Maintain or changes the shape of cell.

• Size inbetween Microtubules and Microfilaments
• Fibers of protein coiled into thicker cables.

Maintains cell shape because very stable. 

Phospholipids that make a bilayer. Also contains proteins, carbohydrates, or cholesterol.

Control and regulate the passage of materials (permeability), foundation for cytoskeleton, and recieve or transmit information.

Phospholipids that make up a bilayer with proteins randomly embedded in it.

Membrane bilayer could move around = Dynamic

• Side-to-side
• Flip-flop

Contains double bonds between carbons. Causes "kinks" and makes less compact = more fluidity.

Has no double bonds which makes more compact molecules = less fluidity.

Regulation/Trafficing of molecules entering or exiting the cell.

Hydrophobic, small, nonpolar molecules.

Hydrophilic, long, polar molecules.

Random movement of molecules trying to reach equilibrium.  Molecules will move from high to low concentration ("down the gradient").

Diffusion across membrane without the use of energy. Means that molecules can move easily across the membrane.

• Diffusion of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane. Water molecules will move from low to high concentration of solute.  
• 

Ability of a solution to cause a cell to lose or gain water.

• There is a low concentration of water molecules in the cell.
• 

• There is the same concentration of water molecules in the cell as outside the cell.
• 

• There is a high concentration of water molecules in the cell.
• 

• Water will move into the cell and could cause it to burst.
• 

• Nothing, there is equal amount of water inside and outside of the cell. Water will equally move in and out. 
• 

Water could move out of the cell and it could cause it to shrival up.

• Diffusion that requires proteins to move solute down its concentration gradien without the input of energy.
• 

• Transport that requires proteins and energy (in the form of ATP) to move solute up its concentration gradient.
• 

• Forms a corridor for solutes to pass through.
• Example: Ion channels or aquaporins.
• 

• Protein that alternates between shapes to move solutes.
• Example: Glucose transporter or sodium-potassium pump.
• 

Carrier proteins that can actively transport drugs out of cells.

Could be bad for cancer or infectious disease treatments.

Active transport assisted by concentration gradient.

• 1. Water is cohesive
• 2. Water moderates temperature
• 3. Water expands upon freezing
• 4. Water is versatile

Water loving, ionic or polar molecules that can be dissolved water.

Afraid of water, non ionic or nonpolar molecules that cannot be dissolved in water.

• 1. Synthesis
• 2. Break down

Dehydration: the removal of a water molecule by joining 2 polymers.

Hydrolysis: breaking apart two polymers by adding a water molecule.