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7 essentials of communication
- people
- message
- channels
- noise
- context
- feedback
- effect
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Definition of communication
Deliberate or accidental transfer of meaning
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5 myths of communication
- everyone is an expert
- communication solves everything
- communication can break down
- communication is inherently good
- more communication is better
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Why is communication important?
- instrumental needs
- physical needs
- relational needs
- identity needs
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What is culture?
A system of knowledge, beliefs, values, customs, behaviours, and artifacts that are aquaired, shared, and used by members during daily living
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What is co-culture?
Groups of people who differ in some ethnic or sociological way from their parents culture
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What strategies do co cultures use to interact?
- Assimilation
- accommodation
- separation
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5 dimensions of culture
- Individualism vs collectivism
- high vs low context
- high vs low power
- monochromic vs polychromic
- masculine vs feminine
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5 parts of an e-mail
- subject line
- opening
- focus
- action
- closing
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what is the inverted pyramid?
most newsworthy info (who what when, ect)-> important details-> general info
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What is perception?
Process by which we make sense out of experience
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5 stages of perception
- selecting
- organizing
- interpreting
- retrieving
- responding
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4 types of selective perception
- Selective perception= means of interpreting experience in a way that confoms
- Selecctive exposure= exposing only to infor that reaffirms
- Selective attention= focusing only on certain cues
- Selective retention= remembering only reinforcing ideas
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Self Concept
Self image+Self esteem
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ways we percieve others
- first impressions
- stereotypes and prejudice
- self serving biases
- allness
- facts and inference
- empathy
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audience profiles
a written summary of everything that you havee discovered about your audience
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what is language
A unified system of symbols that permits the sharing of meaning
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bypassing
miscommunication that occurs when individuals think they understand each other but actually don't
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denotative meaning
dictionary meaning of a word
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connotative meaning
subjective meaning of a word
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influences on meaning
- time
- place
- experience (think jargon)
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sapir-whorf hypothesis
belief that labels we use help shape our thinking, worldview, and behaviour
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9 channels of non-verbal communication
- kinesics (facial, posture, gestures)
- voice (paralanguage= pitch, volume, rate, silence, nonfluencies)
- proxemics (space= Intimate, personal, and social distances)
- appearance (height, weight, race)
- colours (affect us emotionally and physiologically)
- clothing and artifacts (creates image of person and effects behaviour)
- time (length we will wait is determined by importance)
- touch
- smell (associated with attraction and aids in memory)
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7 universal facial expressions
- Disgust
- Happy
- Contempt
- Sad
- Anger
- Fear
- Surprise
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Types of touch
- affectionate
- caregiving
- power and control
- aggressive
- ritualistic
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interpersonal relationship
meaning ful connection, such as friendship, between two people
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Interpersonal Needs
- inclusion - social contact
- control - have some influence in relationships
- affection - emotional closeness
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5 steps in conversation
- opening
- provide feed foreward (phatic communication)
- elaborate
- reflect
- close
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breadth and depth
- breadth= number of topics discussed
- depth= how central the topics discussed are to your slef-concept
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10 stages of a relationship
- initiating
- experimenting (probing unknown)
- intensifying (good friends)
- integrating (couple)
- bonding (formal commitment)
- differentiating (regaining identity)
- circumscribing (decrease in communication)
- stagnating (communication standstill)
- avoiding (intentional avoidance)
- terminating
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how do you reduce uncertainty in a relationship?
- passsive strategy (observe from afar)
- interactive strategy (communicate directly)
- active strategy (third party)
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Types of relationships
- acuaintanceships
- friendships
- romantic
- family
- work
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6 stages of friendship
- role-limited interaction
- friendly relations
- moving foreward friendship
- nascent friendship
- stabilized frinedship
- waning friendship
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4 signs of a failing relationship
- criticism
- contempt
- defensiveness
- stonewalling
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ways to deal with emotion
- emotional intelligence (control of impulses and ability to regulate)
- censoring your feelings (emotional isolationists)
- display rules (when and when not to show emotions)
- gender and emotion
- cultural effects
- personal values
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the "who's" of conflict
- self-conflict (decisions)
- intrapersonal conflict (internal conflict)
- interpersonal conflict
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intensities of conflict
- low intensity- working to discover benefical solution
- medium intensity- winning is ultimate goal
- high intensity - destruction of others is ultimate goal
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Types of conflict
- pseudoconflict = mistakenly beleive that two or more goals can not be achieved simultaneously
- content conflict = disagreement of matters of fact
- value conflict = disagreement over different views on an issue
- ego conflict = winning is tied to a persons self-worth
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assertiveness
- nonassertiveness = hesitation to desplay one's feelings and thoughts
- aggressiveness = expressing thoughts and feeling at others expense
- assertive = expressing thoughts and feelings with respect
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DESC script
Behaviours that promote self-assertion
- Describe the behaviour
- Express how you feel
- Specify behaviours you would like
- List the consequences
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Rhetoric
How to use language effectively to communicate a message
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infomative communication
effort to deeepen understanding and awareness
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4 components of effective instructions
- desired state = goal to accomplish
- prerequisite state = what must be known
- interim state = steps to take
- unwanted states = things to avoid
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steps for an effective explanation
- define concepts by their essential meaning
- give an array of varied examples
- offer "non-examples" or closely related but distinct concepts
- encourage practicing
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how to increase readability
- reduce sentence length
- avoid long words
- choose anglo-saxon rooted words (canine vs dog)
- plain english
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4 features of plain language
- common everyday words
- refering to reader as "you" and writer as "we"
- using active voice
- short sentences
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CRAP principles of design
- Contrast
- Repetition
- Alignment
- Proximity
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How to make things stick?
SUCCES
- Simple
- Unexpected
- Credible
- Concrete
- Emotion
- Stories
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Meetings
- Group of people thinking pourposefully together to:
- Echange/evaluate info
- solve problems
- resolve conflicts
- inspire
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Chair
- communicate meetings pourpose
- direct converstion and timing
- provides sense of security
- sets agenda
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Administrator
- Assists chair
- writes/distibutes minutes
- logistics
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meeting participants
- Drama Queen - diverts attention
- grouch - good to keep involved
- one-track mind - "but lets remember"
- Peter power point - limit # of words
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groups
Collection of indivudals who occupy roles and cooperate to accomplish a goal
- Characteristics
- membership/size
- goals
- structure (positions/roles)
- patterns of communication
- group norms (informal rules)
- climate (emotional atmosphere)
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Dimensions of teams
- Identification (functional group vs team)
- Interdependance
- power differentiation
- social distance
- conflict management (forcing,accommodating, avoiding vs confronting and collaborating
- negotiation process (win-lose vs win-win)
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stages of group development
- forming (exploration, building trust and organization)
- storming (team building, bid for power)
- norming (how each individual can help group)
- performing (how to achieve goal in best way)
- adjourning
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when to use a group
- Complex problems
- requires divided labour (one person cannot solve)
- needs diverse views
- group is available
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roles in groups
- task-oriented roles (help group achieve goals)
- mainenance-oriented roles (ensure smooth running of group)
- self-serving roles (impede function of group)
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meathods of decision making
- majority vote
- averaging
- decision by consensus
- expert decides
- nominal group technique (secret voting and limited discussion)
- delphi method (group of experts, no meetings but multiple revisons of ideas until conclusion)
- quality circle (involving employees through taking all ideas)
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types of leaders
- trait (always leader)
- functional (leadership is a set of behaviours not a person)
- situational (leadership in certain situations)
- transformational (transforms others around)
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types of leaders
- autocratic (directive leader)
- Laissez-faire (non-directive)
- democratic (reasonable compromises)
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Public speaking anxiety
- fear of failure
- fear of unknown
- fear of judgement
- fear of consequences
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public speaking preparation
- topic selection/audience analysis
- speech development (organizations and support)
- presentation practice
- post presentation alalysis
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Maslows hierarchy of needs
- 1 physiological
- 2 security (financial, ect)
- 3 belongingness
- 4 esteem
- 5 self actualization
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Monroe's 5 things to persuade
- attention
- need
- satisfaction
- visualization
- action
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parts of an argument
- claim = debatable assertion
- reasons = facts of evidence
- warrant = explanation between claim and reasons
- backing = support that answers other concerns
- qualifier = strength of connection
- rebuttal = potential counter arguments
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Fallacies
- Ad Hominem - name calling
- Red Herring - distracting with irrelevant info
- False Division - forcing 1-2 opinions when multiple exist
- Hasty Generalization - jumping to flawed conclusions
- Slippery Slope - assuming one thing leads to another
- appeal to tradition
- post hoc - assuming one thing causes another
- bandwagon appeal
- appeal to authority - fake authority
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How to write a communications strategy
- Objectives: should be the overall goals that will be achieved. Ex. enable leadership, cooperation. or manage information/productivity
- Audiences: Should identify who you need to communicate to achieve your oganisational objectives and any info about those audiences
- Messages: 1-3 short soundbites that are key to the organizational messages
- Tools and Activities: What channel and medium will be used? basically how will you communcate the messages to the audience
- Resources and timescales: what resources are going to be used and what are the timelines (be realistic)
- Evaluation and Amendment: How will you determine if the communication strategy was effective? audit internal and external audiences. use questions with appropriate prompts:
- What do you read/see/hear?
- What works/doesn’t work?
- What do you want to see more of?
- hat information do you need that you are not currently supplied with?
- How often do you want us to communicate with you?
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