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What is matter?
anything that occupies space and has mass.
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What elemets are essential to life?
Nitrogen, Carbon, Oxygen, and Hydrogen.
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what are some subatomic particles?
protons, neutrons, and electrons.
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What is the charge of a neutron?
Neutral.
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atomic number:
the numer of protons, which determines what element it is.
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mass number:
the sum of the number ofp rotons and neutrons combined.
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isotopes:
forms of an element that differ in mass.
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compounds:
substances that contain two or more elements in a fixed ratio .
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ionic bonds:
an attraction between two ions with opposite electrical charges. the electrical attraction of the opposite charges holds the ions together. CHARGED ATOMS ARE IONS.
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COVALENT BONDS;
forms when two atoms share 1 or more paisr of outer shell electrons.
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what are the two types of covalent bonds?
non-polar, and polar.
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in a non-polar bond:
electrons are shared equally between two atoms.
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in a polar bond:
electrons are shared unequally.
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Atoms held together by covalent bonds form....
a molecule!
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what is a hydrogen bond?
A bond formed by the attraction of a partially positive hydrogen atom (in a polar covalent bond) to a partially negative atom in a polar covalent bond of some other molecule.
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what are organic compounds?
carbon based molecules made by cells.
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why is carbon a versitile atom?
because a carbon atom has 4 electrons in an outer shell that holds 8. a carbon completes its outer shell by sharing electrons with other atoms in four covalent bonds.
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hydrocarbons:
the simplest organic compound. organic molecules with only carbon and hydrogen atoms.
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macromolecules:
a giant molecule in a living organism. a polysaccharide or nucleic acid. most macromolecules are polymers.
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chemical compound that donates or releases H+ ions to solutions.
Example: Hydrochloric Acid in water HCl → H+ + Cl
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compound that accepts H+ ions and removes them from solution.
- Example: Ammonia in water NH3 + H+ ↔ NH4
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Basic or Alkaline solutions have
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substances that resist pH change
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polymer:
a large molecule consisting of many identical or similar molecular units called monombers, covalently joined together in a chain.
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dehydration:
a chemical process in which a polymer forms as monomers are linked by the removal of water molecules. one molecule of water is removed for each pair of monomers linked.
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hydrolysis:
a chemical process in chich macromolecules are broken down by the chemical addition of water molecules to the bonds linking their monomers; an essential part of digestion.
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what are the four types of polymers that are found in cells?
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids.
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monosaccharide:
the smallest kind of sugar molecule; a single uni tsugar, also known as a simple sugar, they are the building blocks of more complex sugars and polysaccharides. fir example; the glucose found in sports drinks or the fructose in fruit.
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dissacharides:
amde from two monosaccharides with a dehydration reaction making a covalent bond.
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the process that high fructose corn syrup goes through:
corn --> processed to extract starch --> broken down into glucose --> cibverted to sweeter fructose --> aded to food as high fructose corn syrup.
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polysaccharides:
complex carbs with long chains of sufar units; polymers of monosaccharides.
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phospholipds:
major lipids of the plasma membrane. the head is hydrophilic due to phosphate functional groups. the tail is hydrophobic due to fatty acids.
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saturated fatty acids:
lack double bonds in their hydrocarbon portions, they contain the maximum number of hydrogen atoms, is has all three of its fatty acids saturated.
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unsaturated fatty acids:
has fewer than the maximum number of hydrogens at the location og the double bond. one of the fatty acids bends where there is a boudlb bond in the carbon skeleton.
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