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What should puppies look like and how should they act?
- puppies should be fat and sleek
- should sleep contentedly and nurse frequently
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When should we monitor body weight of puppies?
- at birth
- 12 hours later
- daily for 2 weeks
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Failure to gain weight is often the first sign of _____.
illness
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When do the puppies eyes open?
12 - 14 days old
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When do the puppies ears open?
10 - 14 days old
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When do the puppies eyes changef rom a blue-gray color to their adult color?
4 - 6 weeks old
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When do puppies get their canine teeth?
most get canines by 3 weeks old
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What do we need to exam on a physical exam of a puppy?
- weight
- gross abnormalities
- mouth
- skin
- breathing
- heart
- muscle tone
- limbs
- abdomen
- umbilicus
- tail, anus, genitals
- anus
- check urine and feces
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What about the mouth should we check on a physical exam of a puppy?
- mucous membrane color
- cleft palate
- sucking reflex
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What about the skin should we check on a physical exam of a puppy?
- dehydration
- wounds
- hair cover
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What about the breathing should we check on a physcial exam of a puppy?
should be regular and unlabored
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What about the heart should we check on a physical exam of a puppy?
- auscultation is difficult due to high rate
- should be over 200 bpm
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What about the limbs do we need to check on a physical exam of a puppy?
- deformities
- joint mobility
- tendon contracture
- wrapped cord that could have caused atrophy
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What about the abdomen should we check on a physcial exam of a puppy?
- normally enlarged after nursing
- if enlarged and puppy is restless, weak, and crying - could be ill or have gas
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What about the umbilicus should we check on a physical exam of a puppy?
- infection
- hernia
- muscle wall abnormality
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What about the anus should we check on a physical exam of a puppy?
patent, swollen, red
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How do we do a neurological evaulation?
- mental status
- reflexes, gait, posture
- cranial nerves
- motor system
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How do we check the mental status of a puppy?
- gauge by response to external stimuli - touch, sound, quality of cry
- gauge by how puppies sleep - normally sleepin a pile, usually don't sleep alone for 5 - 6 weeks
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What type of reflexs do we need to check?
- anogenital reflex
- respiration reflex
- pain perception
- righting reflex
- rooting reflex
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What is the anogenital reflex? How do we check it? When is this reflex present?
- reflex for urination and defectation
- gently rub rear end with warm damp cotton ball
- present until about 18 - 28 days old
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How do we check the respiration reflex? When is this present?
- stimulate abdominal or genital area - puppy should inhale
- present for the first 3 days
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How do we check the pain perception? When is this present?
- pinch toes and puppy should cry
- present at birth
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How do we check the righting reflex? When is this present?
- place puppy on his side - will flip onto his sternum
- test both sides
- present soon after birth
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How do we check the rooting reflex? When does this reflex go away?
- cup hand around muzzle, puppy should root or push forward
- gone by 25 days old
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What are the reflexes we check for the cranial nerves?
- blink reflex
- withdrawal reflex
- sucking reflex
- tongue evaulation
- gag reflex
- startle reflex
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How do we do the blink reflex and when is it present?
- touch face between nose and eye - puppy should blink
- present even before eyes are open
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How do we check the withdrawal reflex?
- touch nostrils
- puppy should pull back
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How do we check the sucking reflex?
- put your finger in puppy's mouth, puppy should try to suckle
- reflex lasts for 4 weeks
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How do we do the tongue evaluation?
put your finger in puppy's mouth - tongue should move when touched
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How do we do the gag reflex? When is this reflex present?
- put object in back of puppy's throat - this should cause the puppy to gag
- present by 10 days old
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How do we check the startle reflex? When do we check this reflex?
- drop something or make a loud noise
- no good until about 3 weeks old because they do not open their ears for 10 - 14 days after birth
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How do we check the motor system?
- wheelbarrow reflex
- hopping reflex
- placing reflex, visual placing
- weight support
- walking
- tone - flexor tone, extensor tone
- flexor reflex
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How do we check the wheelbarrow reflex? When do we check this?
- make puppy walk on front legs
- should hold up head and use both front legs
- can do this at 4 - 5 days old
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How do we check the hopping reflex? When can they do this?
- make puppy support weight on one limb, then make him hop on that limb - forward and laterally
- present in forelimbs at 2 - 4 days old
- present in rear limbs at 6 - 8 days old
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How do we do the placing reflex? When can they do this?
- hold puppy beside table, blindfolded, facing, it, lower than the top
- bring him up and twards the table so his feet hit the edge
- he should put his feet on the top of the table
- present in forelimbs at 2 - 4 days old
- present in rear limbs at 5 - 9 days old
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When can a puppy support their own weight?
- forelimbs: 7 - 10 days old
- rear limbs: 10 - 24 days old
- support own weight at about 16 days old
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When can a puppy walk?
- jerky walking at 18 - 21 days old
- coordinated walking betwen 3 and 4 weeks old
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What is the flexor tone?
- puppy flexes spine, limps and curls up into a ball
- dominates in first 4 days
- crossed extensor reflex present up to 3 weeks old - pinch left leg, and puppy will extend right leg
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What are some common medical problems we see with neonatals?
- hypoglycemia
- hypothermia
- internal parasitism (diarrhea, hookworm anemia)
- external parasitism (flea anemia)
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What are some common birth defects we see with neonatals?
- cleft palate
- cerebellar hypoplasia
- hernias
- PDA
- hydrocephalus
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When should a puppy's weight double birth weight?
should double birth weight in 8 - 10 days
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What should a neonatal puppy's respiratory and heart rate be? What should their urine specific gravity by?
- respiratory rate: 15 - 35 bpm
- heart rate: about 220 bpm
- urine specific gravity: 1.006 - 1.017
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Do neonatal puppies have a shivering reflex?
no
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What should a puppies temperature be in the first week? Second week? Third week?
- first week: 94 - 97
- second week: 97 - 99
- third week: 101.5 - normal adult temperature
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When do we use pediatric anesthesia?
under 6 weeks old
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What procedures would require pediatric anesthesia?
- trauma - lacerations, fractures
- correct congenital problems - cleft palate
- cosmetic - ear crop
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What is the problem with using injectable anesthesia drugs with neonatals?
- neonates have greater body water volume which results in faster distribution of drug throughout body
- smaller fat stores to take up and slowly redistribute drug
- slower liver metabolism due to undeveloped enzyme systems
- less developed renal function
- drugs hit them harder, faster, and effects last longer
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Do neonatals take up inhalation anesthetics quickly?
- yes due to higher respiratory rate
- may go down faster
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What is the choice of anesthetic agents for neonatals?
- local analgesics
- atropine
- sedatives
- inhalants
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When should we avoid using atropine and why?
animals under 8 weeks old because it could decrease heart rate
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Which sedatives should we use and which ones should we avoid?
- avoid: phenothiazines (acepromazine), xylazine, ketamine
- use: opioids
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Why should we avoid using phenothiazines (acepromazine)?
causes hypotension and prolonged depression of neonates
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Why should we avoid using xylazine?
causes cardiovascular depression and prolonged sedation
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Why should we avoid using ketamine?
causes muscular rigidity, delirium - may cause convulsions
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Why are opioids okay to use? What side effects do they have?
- okay to use because they have a reverser agent
- can cause apnea, respiratory depression
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If we have to use a mask to induce our patient with inhalants, which kind of mask should we use? Why?
a clear one to watch for vomiting or excess salivation
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Which type of endotracheal tube is best?
uncuffed tube
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Which type of anesthetic circuit is best?
- non-rebreathing
- Ayre's T-piece
- avoid circle system - causes lots of resistance to gas flow and makes it harder for the puppy to breathe
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How do we keep the puppy's body temperature up during anesthesia?
- towels, hot water bottles, warm IV fluids
- can submerge puppy in warm water in plastic bag after surgery
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How can we administer fluids to a neonatal puppy since their veins are so small?
- jugular vein can be used
- intraosseous catheter is possible
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What kind of fluids can we use to avoid a neonateal becoming hypoglycemic?
5% dextrose
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Should we turn on the fluids to a large bag and leave the puppy hooked up to it?
- no, don't want to over load the puppy with fluids, calculate and measure fluids out
- can use a burette to measure
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A puppy without access to water for 24 hours can become ____ dehydrated.
10%
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Offer puppies and kitten water up to _____ before anesthesia and as soon as possible afterwards.
1 hour
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What life threatening things do we need to watch for in a puppy after anesthesia?
- respiratory depression
- hypoglycemia
- hypothermia
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