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Define neonate.
newborn animal
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Define pediatric.
young animal
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When does the neonatal period end?
- when the baby can survive without its mother
- about 4 weeks
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What are different ways we can assess puppies in utero?
- radiological evaluation
- ultrasound evaluation
- palpating
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Describe premature puppies.
- weak
- undersized
- decreased ability to nurse
- lungs may not expand fully
- lack of SQ fat causes puppies to be more cold
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What is the gestation length for dogs?
- about 63 days
- ranges from 58 - 71 days
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What is the gestation length dependent on?
breeding date
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What is easier to determine in dogs, breeding date or ovulation date? Why?
breeding date because a lot of times the owners will see this happen
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When do dogs ovulate?
ovulation can occur from 3 days before to 11 days after the onset of estrus
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How can a cytology help us determine ovulation?
6 days after ovulation, baginal cells change markedly from cornified to non-cornified
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What can we see on a radiograph from day 31 - 38 of pregnancy?
spherical enlargements of uterus
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What can we see on a radiograph on day 35 of pregnancy?
usterus diffusely enlarged
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What can we see on a radiograph from day 43 - 54 of pregnancy?
first signs of mineralization of bones
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What can we see on a radiograph from day 58 - 61 of pregnancy?
ribs, pelvis
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What are some signs of fetal death?
- uterus fails to enlarge
- gas within uterus or fetus
- lack of skeletal growth
- demineralization
- skull deformity or skeletal misalignment
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When can we use ultrasound to detecct pregnancy?
days 18 - 20
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When can we detect a fetal heartbeat on an ultrasound?
day 24 - 28
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If we see gas pockets in fetus or uterus what does that indicate?
- fetal death
- gas pockets will show up white
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How early can we palpate to detect pregnancy? What are we feeling for?
- day 21 - 28
- feel vesicles, like big beads on a string - if mom is not too big, fat, or tense
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What are some signs of parturition?
- drop in temperature
- nest building
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When does the temperature drop before the onset of parturition and why does it drop? What does the temperature drop to?
- temperature drops 8 - 12 hours before onset of parturition due to deop in progesterone levels
- below 100 degrees F - average 98.8
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When do we start monitoring the temperature of the mother?
twice a day starting at 55 - 59 days
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If the temperature drops below 100 degrees then that indicates that labor should start _____.
within 24 hours
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When do mothers start building a nest?
within 12 - 24 hours of the onset of labor
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Should owners be hovering over the mother while she is trying to give birth? Why or why not?
no because it could make her anxious causing uterine inertia
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How many stages of labor are there?
3
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Why do we need to know the stages of labor?
so we know when to intervene
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How long does uterine contraction and cervical dilation lasts?
6 - 12 hours
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What are some signs to look for before a mother gives birth?
- restless
- nest-building
- may vomit or have diarrhea
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What is stage 1 of parturition?
contractions
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What is stage 2 of parturition?
fetal passage
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What stimulates the cervix to start straining?
oxytocin secretions
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if we have to pull a puppy out of the vulva, how should we do it?
- grasp legs with soft towel
- pull gently down toward mother's hocks
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What should we tell our clients about how frequently the mother should be pushing out her puppies?
- no more than 4 hours between start of stage 2 and delivery of first puppy
- no more than 2 hours between puppies
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What is stage 3?
delivery of placenta
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Will the mother try to eat the placenta?
yes and that is okay
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What will happen if the mother chews the umbilical cord too short?
could cause an umbilical hernia
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What is lochia? Is this normal? When do we see it?
- forest-green discharge
- yes its normal
- lasts for several hours, days, maybe even 1 - 2 weeks after delivery
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What do we need to watch in the mother after giving birth?
- abnormal discharge
- fever
- depression
- mastitis
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What does mastitis look like?
glands are swollen, hard, painful, red, gives abnormal milk
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What is dystocia?
difficulty giving birth
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Which animal is more likely to have dystocia, dog or cat?
dog
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When do we diagnose dystocia?
- no fetus presented within 4 - 6 hours from onset of labor or from the time the the last fetus was delievered
- no attempts by mother to deliver fetus
- labor contractions are weak or infrequent
- depression, weakness, or toxemia present
- no puppies born by day 72 of gestation
- no puppies born within 2 - 3 hours after placental membranes have ruptured
- no puppies born after 2 - 3 hours of active labor
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What are some maternal causes of dystocia?
- uterine inertia
- pelvic abnormalities
- uterine torsion
- abdominal hernias
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What causes uterine inertia?
- large litter, older mother
- tires out
- owner interference causing anxiety
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What are some pelvic abnormalities that can cause dystocia?
- too small naturally
- old pelvic injuries
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What are some fetal causes of dystocia?
- oversized fetus
- malposition of fetus (blocking birth canal)
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What are some treatments for dystocia?
- oxytocin
- caesarian section
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What is oxytocin?
injection that causes uterine contractions and milk let-down
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Before we give an injection of oxytocin, what do we need to do?
- make sure there is no obstruction in the pelvic canal
- take x-rays, palpate rectally or vaginally
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Do some veterinarians give oxytocin routinely after delivery? Why or why not?
yes, to help expel residual material, shrink down uterus, decrease hemorrhage
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What can happen if oxytocin is gven when pelvic canal is blocked?
can rupture uterus
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What is a C-section?
surgical removal of fetus from uterus
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What is the different between a hysterotomy and a hysterectomy?
- hysterotomy: c-section
- hysterectomy: spay
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How should we care for the puppies once we remove them from a C-section?
- rupture membranous sac over nose and mouth immediately so puppies can breathe
- clear all fluid from puppies mouth and nose
- tie off umbilical cord with sterile suture material
- rub puppies briskly with soft towel to stimulate them to breathe
- place in incubator
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How should we clear the fluid from the puppies mouth and nose?
sling or aspirate with bulb syringe
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If the placenta or hemostats are still attached to the umbilical cord, should we let the weight of them dangle on the cord?
no, could cause a hernia
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How short should we cut the umbilical cord and why?
- tie off 2 cm long
- first "milk" is the blood in the cord
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When does the umbilical cord fall off?
2 - 3 days
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How warm should the incubator be?
85 - 90 degrees F
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What is doxapram? How can we give it?
- respiratory stimulant
- PO, SQ, IM, IV in umbilical cord before tied
- easiest is to give 1 - 2 drops under the tongue
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