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What connects the kidney to the bladder?
Ureter
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Where does the nephron extend into?
Renal medulla
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What are the 3 primary mechanisms of the kidney involved in the production of urine?
glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, tubular secretion
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What happens during glomerular filtration?
Plasma is loaded into the tubular system
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What happens during tubular reabsorption?
The "good stuff" is returned from the tubule to the capillary
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What happens during tubular secretion?
Additional waste is secreted from the capillary to the tubule
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Approximately how many nephrons does each kidney have?
About 1 million
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What are the 2 components of the renal corpuscle?
Glomerulus and Bowmans Space
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What are the 2 components of the collecting duct system?
Cortical collecting duct and medullary collecting duct
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What are the 4 components of the renal tubule (in order)?
Proximal tubule, Loop of Henle, Distal convoluted tubule, collecting duct system
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What are the 4 primary mechanisms of the nephron involved in the production of urine?
Filtration, reabsorption, excretion, secretion
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What are the 2 types of capillaries in nephrons?
Glomerular and peritubular
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What are the 2 types of aretioles in the nephron?
Afferent and efferent
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Where does glomerular filtration, tubular secretion, and tubular reabsorption occur?
Renal corpsucle
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What surrounds capillaries?
Podocytes of Bowman's capsule
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What allows fluid to pass into Bowmans capsule?
Filtration slits between the podocytes
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What are the epithelial foot processes?
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What is the glomerular capillary blood pressure?
60 mmHg
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What is the net glomerular filtration pressure?
16
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Is filtration higher at afferent end or efferent end?
Afferent end
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What are the 2 factors that lead to a large filtration faction?
Large filtration coefficient and large avg hydrostatic pressure difference
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How many liters of plasma are filtered every day?
180
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What happens in the glomerular capillaries?
Filtration
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What happens in the peritubular capillaries?
Reabsorption
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What is renal clarence?
The volume of solute that must be completely cleared of x to account for what is excreted in the urine
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What is glomerular filtration rate?
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What is the clearance if everything that is filtered is reabsorbed?
0
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What has a clearance of 0?
Glucose
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When is the clearance equal to the renal plasma flow?
If a substance is filtered and secreted and none of the solute is left in the venous blood
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What happens to water channels in the presence of ADH?
Water channels insert in collecting tube membrane and permit osmotic equilibrium between collecting duct fluid and medullary interstitial fluid
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What happens to water channels in the absence of ADH?
Water channels are removed from collecting tube membrane and urine remains hypo-osmotic as it passes through collecting duct
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What is water reabsorption coupled with?
Na+ reabsorption
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What helps stabilizie pH when acids or bases are added?
Body fluid buffers
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What is the major extracellular buffer in the body?
CO2/HC03 buffer system
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What happens to CO2 during hyperventilation?
increases
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What happens to PCO2, pH, and HCO3 during respiratory acidsosis weakness?
PCO2 up, pH down, HCO3 up
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What are 3 causes of respiratory acidosis weakness?
lung disease, drug, muscel
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What happens to PCO2, pH, and HCO3 during respiratory alkalosis?
PCO2 down, pH up, HCO3 down
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What are 2 causes of respiratory alkalosis?
Anxiety and high altitude
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What does PCO2 do during non-respiratory acidosis and alkalosis?
Stays steady
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What happens to pH and HCO3 during non- respiratory acidosis?
They go down
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What causes non- respiratory acidosis?
anaerobic exercise, diarrhea
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What happens to pH and HCO3 during non- respiratory alkalosis?
They go up
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What causes non-respiratory alkalosis?
Vomiting and alkaline tide
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What does high PCO2 result in?
Respiratory acidosis
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What does low PCO2 result in?
Respiratory alkalosis
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What organ regulates HC03?
Kidney
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Where does acid-base transport take place?
Proximal tubule
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What is the difference between peritoneal dialysis and hemodialysis?
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What are the 4 general GI functions?
Mechanical, secretory, digestive, absorptive
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What are the 3 mechanical functions of the GI tract?
Grinding/ pulverizing, mixing, propulsion
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