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Scientific Method
- -observation
- -develop hypothesis
- -test hypothesis
- -conclusion
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Characteristics of living things
- -energy
- -respondsiveness
- -homeostasis
- -reproduction
- -DNA
- -cells
- -evolution
- -organization
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Levels of organization in living things
- -atom
- -moleclue
- -organelle
- -cell
- -tissue
- -organ
- -organ system
- -organism
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Levels of organization in biosphere
- -organism/species
- -population
- -community
- -ecosystem
- -biosphere
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Parts of an atom
- nucleus
- -protons
- -neutrons
- electrons
- ions-atom with a different # of protons and electrons
- isotope-atpom with different # of protons and neutrons
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Differentiate bonds
- atomic number- # of protons in the nucleus
- atomic mass- the mass of the protons and neutrons
- covalent bonds- atoms share one or more electrons
- ionic bonds-atoms transfer electrons
- polar molecule-atom with a slightly positive and negative charge
- nonpolar molecule-form a layer of protection from polar substances
- solvent- substance doing the dissolving
- solute-substance being dissolved
- aid- substance when added to water produces hydrogen ions H+
- base- substance when added to water produces hydroxide ions OH-
- hydrophillic-"water-loving"
- hydrophobic- "water-fearing"
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Water
- polar
- ability to form hydrogen bonds
- high specific heat
- cohesion-waters ability to "stick" to itself
- adhesion-waters ability to "stick" to other molecules
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Carbon
- makes up 18% of human bodies
- 4 electrons can form 4 covalent bonds
- monomer- small molecule that can be linked together to make polymers
- -monosaccharides
- -amino acids
- -nucleotides
- polymers- a large complex molecule by linking monomers together
- -starches
- -proteins
- -DNA, RNA
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Differentiate sugars
- monosaccharide-single sugar
- -glucose-energy source
- -fructose-fruit sugar
- disaccharide-2 sugars
- -maltose
- -lactose
- -sucrose
- polysaccharide- more than 2 sugars
- -starch-found in plants
- -glycogen-founf in animals
- -cellulose-produced by plants
- -chitin-found in cell walls of fungi
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Lipid characteristics
- glycerides-made up of glycerol and one or more fatty acids
- steroids-made of 4 carbon rings and side chains
- phospholipids-made of a phosphate group, glycerol head, 2 fatty acid chains
- waxes-made of a single fatty acid and a long chain of alcohol provide protective covering
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differentiate Fats
- saturated fatty acids
- -no double bonds
- -solid at room temperature
- -found in animal fats (heart unhealthy)
- monounsaturated fatty acids
- -one double bonds
- -liquid at room temp.
- -found in plant fats
- polyusaturated fatty acids
- -two ort more double bonds
- -liquid at room temp.
- found in plants (heart healthy)
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Proteins
- proteins fold in a precise conformation in order to function
- denature- to alter the shape of a protein(pH, temp., heavy metals cause)
- functionstransport-moves other molecules
- protective-healing and defense against invaders
- structure-mechanical support
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Nucleotides
- the monomer subunit that makes up a nucliec acid
- -DNA-deoxyribose nucleic acid
- -RNA- ribonucleic acid
- 3 components
- -sugar
- -phosphates
- -nitrogen base
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DNA
- structure
- A. nucleotide
- -deoxyribose sugar
- -phosphate group
- -nitrogen base
- B. nitrogen base
- -purines-double ringed bases
- -adenine
- -guanine
- -pyrimidines- single ringed bases
- -cytosine
- -thymine
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DNA Replication
- takes place in the S phaseof the cell cycle
- results in an identical strand of DNA
- necessary for cell division
- process1.begins at orgins of replication
- 2.helicase untwists the double helix, creating a "replication bubble"
- 3.at the end of the bubble is a replication of fork where the new strands of DNA are elongating
- 4.primase-attches an RNA primer that imitates replication
- 5.DNA polymerase-pairs up free nucleotides to the parent strands
- 6.nucleotides are added in the 5^3 to 3^2 direction
- 7.DNA liguse joins the new strands to parent starnds
- 8. end result- 2 identical strands of DNA
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DNA vs. RNA
- DNA-double stranded
- -deoxyribose
- -thymine
- RNA-single stranded
- -ribose
- -uracil
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Plasma membrane
- proteins-structural support
- -recognition
- -communication
- -transport proteins
- Glycocalyx-carbohydrate chains are attached to membrane proteins or to the phospholipid molecules
- -serves as binding sites for other molecules
- Cholesterol-embedded in animal cell membranes
- -keeps some small molecules from entering
- -helps maintian the membranes fluidity
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Passive transport vs. active
- passive- no energy required to move substancesacross the cell membrane
- active-requres energy to move substances to across the plasma mebrane
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Diffusion
- movement of molecules or ions form a region of higher concentration to lower concentration.
- diffusion relies on concentration gradient- a difference between solute concentrations
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Endocytosis vs. exocytosis
- endocyotsis- moving substances INTO the cell
- exocytosis- moving substances OUT of the cell
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prokaryotes vs. eukaryotes
- prokaryotes1. no nucleus
- 2. no membrane bound organelles
- 3. unicellular
- 4. kingdoms
- -archae
- -bacteria
- eukaryotes1. nucleus
- 2. have menebrane bound organelles
- 3. unicellular or multicellular
- 4. kingdoms
- -protista
- -fungi
- -plant
- -animal
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The Cell
- 1. nucleus
- -houses our DNA
- -site of DNA replication
- -site of transcription
- 2. ribosome
- -site of protein synthesis (translation) in the cell, carries out instructions provided by the mRNA strand
- 3. cytoskeleton
- - cell structure
- -cell movement
- -transport of materials within the cell
- 4. golgi complex
- -processes and distributes proteins that come to it from the RER
- 5. Lysosome
- -uses enzymes to digest worn-out organelles or foreign materials that enter a cell
- 6. mitochondria
- -the "power-house" of the cell where ATP is produced
- 7. Rogh Endoplasmic Reticulum
- -processes the proteins for export from the cell
- 8. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
- -lipid synthesis- where fats or steroid lipids are made
- -lipid storage
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Plant cell vs. animal cell
- plantschloroplast
- central vacule
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