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What is recommended to prevent EHV-1 abortion in mares?
vaccination (5, 7, and 9 months), proper management (isolation of preg mares from incoming horses)
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What causes Equine Viral Arteritis (EVA)?
arterivirus, family togaviridae
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Who is the carrier for EVA?
the stallion (can be a carrier for weeks to years)
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How is EVA transmissed?
mating, teasing, AI, contact w/ aborted fetus, respiratory
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EVA has tropism for which cells?
endothelial cells (causes edema and hemorrhage)
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When does abortion occur after infection with EVA?
7-10 days after infection and is most common in the second half of pregnancy
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If serology of mares to be bred to a shedding stallion of EVA is >1:4, is vaccination necessary?
no
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If mares that test <1:4 on serology that are going to be bred to a stallion that sheds EVA, what is the protocol?
mares need to be vaccinated 3 weeks prior to breeding and isolated. isolated again for 21 days when bred to stallion
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In N. America, the most common non-host adapted serovars of Leptospirosis that cause abortion in mares are?
kennewicki and grippotyphosa
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What is considered the host adapted species of leptospira in horses?
bratislava
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When do Leptospirosis cause abortions (and also stillbirths, and premature live births)?
late fall, wet conditions, and usually >6 months gestation
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Is there a leptospirosis vaccine approved for horses?
no
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What is the organism that causes Contagious Equine Metritis (CEM)?
Taylorella equigenitalis
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What are the clinical signs of CEM in the stallion?
subclinical, persists for months to years in repro tract (urethral fossa and associated sinus)
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What are the clinical signs of CEM in the mare?
purulent discharge from vulva, severe endometrial inflammation, short cycles, conception failure
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How is CEM transmissed?
mating (direct), teasing (direct or indirect), AI, indirectly via hands/equipment
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What harbors the CEM infection in the mare?
clitoral sinus
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Is there a vaccine available for CEM?
no
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What causes a venereal disease called Dourine (eradicated in N. america and Europe)?
trypanosoma equiperdum
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What are different pathological changes that can happen in the endometrium?
endometritis, periglandular fibrosis and nesting of endometrial glands, lymphatic lacunae, edema, atrophy of endometrium
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When is atrophy of the endometrium in the mare normal?
anestrus
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Which category of the Kenney grading system is abnormal, 50-80% chance of carrying foal to term, has inflammation thats treatable?
IIA
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Which category of the Kenney grading system is abnormal, 10-50% chance of carrying foal to term, has periglandular fibrosis or lymphatic lacunae, and because fibrosis is irreversible there is a hx of infertility and difficulty with carrying foal to term?
IIB
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What is the treatment for endometritis currently used?
remove intrauterine fluids after breeding (uterine lavage, oxytocin, cloprostenol) and antibiotics
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What is an accumulation of large quantities of inflammatory exudates in the uterine lumen causing uterine distension?
pyometra
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What is the treatment of pyometra in the mare?
luteolysis, lavage of uterine lumen, antibiotics, nonresponsive cases are treated by hysterectomy
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What is the most common tumor of the ovary in the mare?
granulosa cell tumor
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What is the ultrasound appearance of granulosa cell tumor of the ovary in the mare?
honeycomb appearance
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What are diagnostic indicators that you are probably dealing with a granulosa cell tumor in the mare?
testosterone high in 50% of cases, inhibin often elevated, progesterone low
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What is a congenital abnormality in the mare that causes infertility, mares are XO, small for their age, and no treatment?
turners syndrome
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What are the components of a stallion BSE?
ID, history, PE, test for viral dz, semen collection and evaluation of libido, mating ability, semen evaluation
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Why are 2 ejaculates collected when stallions are evaluated?
second ejaculate has 50-60% sperm #'s of first, if ratio is typical then ejaculates are "representative"
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What are organisms that are concerns of a theriogenologist when it comes to stallion venereal dz?
pseudomonas aeruginosa, klebsiella pneumoniae
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What are the culture sites of the stallion?
urethra pre-ejaculate, urethra post-ejaculate, semen
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How do you culture the stallion for Taylorella equigenitalis (contagious equine metritis)?
swab prepuce, urethral sinus, fossa glandis
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What are the expected results for a satisfactory breeding prospect of the stallion sperm?
expected to produce 1 billion morphologically normal progressively motile spermatozoa in the second of 2 ejaculates.
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In order to meet the satisfactory breeding prospect, stallion myst meet criteria for ejaculates AND what else?
normal testes, neg for infectious dz, no physical/mental deficiencies, no heritable defects, capable of 60% pregnancy rate
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What is a bacterial venereal dz in the stallion?
CEM: taylorella equigenitalis
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What is a viral venereal dz in the stallion?
equine coital exanthema (equine herpes virus 3) and equine arteritis virus
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What is a protozoal venereal dz of the stallion?
trypanosoma equiperdum (dourine)
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What are differential diagnosis for conditions that can cause smaller than normal testes in the stallion?
age/immaturity, testicular degeneration (toxins, steroids, trauma, torsion, neoplasia), cryptorchidism, congenital testicular hypoplasia
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What are differential dx for conditions that can cause larger than normal testes in the stallion?
hydrocele, neoplasia, scrotal edema, orchitis, torsion, trauma (hematocele), scrotal hernia
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What are the accessory sex glands of the stallion?
ampulla, seminal vesicles, prostate, bulbourethral gland
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What is the accessory sex gland in the stallion that is most often involved in bacterial infectious conditions?
seminal vesicles
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What accessory sex gland can become blocked with dead sperm or epithelial cells preventing normal ejaculation?
ductus deferens (ampulla)
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What is a traumatic rupture of SQ vessels b/t skin and tunica albuginea that is the result of being kicked by mare, bent penis, mating a mare w/ caslicks suture in place, erection w/ stallion ring, or laceration?
hematoma
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In the case of penile paralysis in the stallion due to phenothiazine tranquilizer admin of what w/in the first few hours may be helpful?
8mg benzotropine mesylate
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What is the most common neoplasia of the penis in the stallion?
squamous cell carcinoma
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Lesions of habronemiasis are most often where on the penis of the stallion?
preputial ring and urethra
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What can be caused by lesions in urethra or surface lesions, can compromise fertility (b/c spermicidal), can be caused by SCC and also tears in the perineal urethra (b/c communication w/ corpus spongiosum penis)?
hemospermia
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What are different locations of retained testis in the stallion?
complete abdominal cryptorchid, partial abdominal cryptorchid, inguinal cryptorchid (high flanker), or ectopic testis
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In what breed of horse is cryptorchidism most prevalent?
percherons
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If a testosterone assay has a concentration of >100 picograms/ml what does this mean?
testicular tissue present
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Is estrogen sulfate assay has a concentration >400 picrograms/ml what does this mean?
testicular tissue present
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