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I. The Reformation in England
- a. Initiated by Henry VIII, who wanted divorce from Catherine of Aragon due to no heir and his love for Anne Boleyn
- i. Anne didn’t want to be mistress; he wanted son= needed to break marriage
- ii. Relied on Cardinal Wolsey to get an annulment from Clement VII
- 1. Pope would have, but since sack of Rome, he was dependent on Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, who was the nephew of Catherineà delayed requestà Wolsey fired
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Two new advisers
- i. Two new advisers:
- 1. Thomas Cranmer: archbishop of Canterbury in 1532, and Thomas Cromwell, kings principal secretary after Wolsey
- a. They advised king to obtain annulment in England’s ecclesiastical court
- i. Most important step: promulgation by Parliament of an act cutting off all appeals from English church courts to Rome, a piece of legislation that abolished papal authority in England = he no longer needed pope
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Hurry to marry Anne
- i. Was in hurry to marry Anne due to pregnancy and married her to legitimize heir
- 1. Cranmer said marriage to Catherine no longer and then confirmed Anne and Henry’s marriageà Anne queen à baby girl born (Elizabeth)
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1534: Parliament
- i. 1534: Parliament completed break of Church of England with Rome by passing Act of Supremacy
- 1. Declaered that the English monarch now controlled church in all matters of doctrine, clerical appointments, and discipline
- 2. They also passed Treason Act, making it punishable by death to deny that the king was the supreme head of the church
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Thomas More
- a. Thomas More challenged order
- i. Problem was loyalty to pope in rome was now treason in England
- ii. Refused to support new laws nad tried for treason ; beheaded due to unacceptance of national state over church
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The New Order
- i. Thomas Cromwell worked out details of Tudor Government’s new role in church affairs based on centralized power exercised by king and Parliament
- 1. Also rescued finances of king with plan for dissolution of monasteries
- a. 400 religious houses closed and land and possessions taken by king, then sol d
- i. King added to treasury and also to his ranks of supporters, who now had stake in new Tudor order
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Break with Papacy adn changeE?
- i. Although broken with papacy, little changed occurred in doctrine, theology, and ceremony
- 1. Some supporters (Archbishop Thomas Cranmer) wanted religious reformation and administrative one, but Henry refused
- a. Still, clergy ignored Henry on matter of priestly celibacy and secretly married
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a. Final Decade of Henry’s Reign
- i. Preoccupied with foreign affairs, factional intrigue, and effort for perfect wife
- 1. Anne beheaded on charge of adultery
- 2. Jane Seymour produced male but died 12 days later
- 3. Anne of Cleves for political reasons, but was misled by portrait; he saw her and divorced her
- 4. Catherine Howard more attractive but less moral= beheaded
- 5. Catherin Parr: last wife married in 1543/ outlived him
- ii. Henry succeeded by underage son Edward VI, son of third wife
- 1. 9 years old
- 2. Real control of England to council of regency
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Edward VI Reign
- i. Archbishop Cranmer and others inclined toward Protestant doctrines were able to move Church of England in more Protestant direction
- ii. New acts of parliament instituted right of clergy to marry, eliminated images, and created revised Protestant liturgy that was elaborated in a new prayer book and liturgical guide called Book of Common Prayer
- 1. Rapid changes= opposed and prepared way for reaction that occurred when Mary, Henry’s first daughter by Catherine of Aragon, came to throne
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mary
- i. Catholic who wanted to restore England to the Roman Catholic fol d
- ii. Restoration of Catholicism, achieved by joint action of monarch and Parliament, was opposed
- iii. Marriage to Philip II, son of Charles V and future Spanish king, was disliked
- 1. Her foreign policy of alliance with Spain arounsed more hostility, especially when forces lost Calais, the last English possession in France after the Hundred Years’ War
- iv. Burning of more than three hundred Protestant heretics= bloody Mary
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Mary Policies
- i. led to opposite of her intent:
- 1. England more protestant than beginning
- a. In beginning of power, Protestantism was viewed with church destruction and religious anarchy
- b. Now identified with English resistance to Spanish interference
- ii. Her death ended restoration of Catholicism in England
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