-
A left ventricular pacing wire is placed in the coronary sinus in conjuntion with right ventricular pacing wire, this is called?
Cardiac Resynchronization
-
When obtaining pulmonayr view flow for the detection of diastolic dysfunction, this pulmonary vein should be used to obtain Doppler information?
Right superior vein
-
A VSD is also referred to as A?
Outlet
-
Infundibular pulmonary stenosis is uncommon as an isolated lesion and is usually associated with?
VSD
-
M-mode finding in a patient with IHSS might include all of the following except:
A) mid sys closure of the aortic valve
B) Mitral valve prolaspe
C) sys anterior motion of the mitral valve
D) Asymmetric septal hypertrophy
MVP
-
In pt. with large pericardial effusions, which of the following can be a false positive dx on m-mode?
MVP
-
Mitral valve prolaspe is best seen in which echo view?
parasternal long axis
-
In laminar flow, mean velocity is?
Is equal to the max velocity
-
A shared problem is pts with constrictive pericarditis and those with cardiac tamponade is
Decreased cardiac output
-
The communication between the aorta & pulmonary artery that may presist after birth is called?
PDA
-
The most common tumor mass to cause mitral valve obstruction is?
Atrial myomas
-
Inhalation of Amyl Nitrite causes decrease in Preload or After load?
Decreased afterload
-
Premature opening of the pulmonary valve may be seen in?
Contrictive pericarditis
-
The most common cardiac valvular tumor is?
Fibroelastomas
-
An underestimation of the severity of aortic stenosis by continous wave doppler may occur with?
Low Cardiac output
-
The most common location for a true aneurysm to occur is in the ?
Apex
-
Gradual closure of the aortic valve suggesting decrease in cardiac output is often associated with which CMP?
Dilated CMP
-
Which of the following is not a possible M-mode finding in a pt with constrictive pericaditis?
A) Paradoxial septal motion
B) Pericardial thicking
C) Flattening of the mid diastolic post wall motion
D) Enlarged LV
-
Tricuspid Atresia blood flow will shunt from R-L atrial through a ?
Patent Forman Ovale
-
Small fibrous nodules located at the center of each aortic cusp is called?
Nodules of Art????
-
Partial anomalous pulmonary venous return is seen which what type of ASD?
Sinus Venous
-
Atrial myxomas are usually attached to the ?
Fossa ovalis region of the atrial septum
-
An Anomalie that is most likely associated with a Sinus Venous ASD?
Partial anomalous pulmonary venous return
-
Adult chest wall echo problem generally operate in what frequency range?
2.5- 4.0 MHz
-
Pulmonic stenosis is often associated with ?
Tetrology of Fallot
-
What causes mitral valve pre-systolic closure?
- LVEDP
- left ventricular end diastolic pressure
-
Where on the EKG that correlates with venticular depoloration.
Right before the QRS
-
What causes MV preclosure?
LVEDP
-
Pulsus paredoxus?
- 10-20mmHg drop in arterial pressure during inspiration.
- Classic finding of Cardiac Tamponade
-
A cardiac mass involving the superior and inferior portions of interaatrial septum is most likely?
Lipomatous hypertrophy
-
Echo appearnace of Restrictive CMP?
- Ground Glass
- LVH-- small or normal cavity
- Percardial effusion may be present
-
Cardiac tamponade is rapid filling of fluid causing?
Restrictive diastolic filling
-
The remnant of the fetal ductus arteriosus is called?
Ligamentum Arterious
-
Coarctation of the aortic most often occur at the :
Aortic Isthmus
-
The best 2D view for eval a patient with suspected PDA is?
Short axis of the aorta
-
Which of the following is the most common etiology for a pt to develop a restrictive CMP?
A) endomyocardial fibrosis
B) sarcoidosis
C) Amyloidosis
D) hemochromatosis
Amyloidsis
-
If the IVE is dialted and doesnt collapse with the pt sniffs the RApressure is ext to be?
20mmHg
-
Which of the following is most often associated with Primum ASD's?
Cleft Mitral Valve
-
Infundibular pulmonary stenosis is uncommon as a isolated lesion and is usually associated with?
VSD
-
Pt. with IHSS and high rest flow gradient may be offered all of the following treatments except:
a) medical therpy
b) sub nitro
c) alcholo septal ablation
d) septal myectomy
Sub Nitro
-
Which of the following is true regarding the mitral doppler spectral trace in a pt with Restrictive/ Infiltrive CMP?
a) Shows E/A reversal
b) resemebles cadiac tamponade
c) diastolic functions is normal
d) resemble contricitive percaridtis
Resembles constictive percarditis
-
Pt. with IHSS and a high resting outflow gradient maybe offered which of the following?
a) liptor medical tx
b) contrast septal ablastion
c) sub nitrl
d) Surgical septal myectomy
Surgical septal myectomy
-
In aortic stenosis the pulse pressure is ?
Narrow
-
What valve directs blood from the inferior vena cava to the foramen ovale during fetal circulation?
Eustachia Valve
-
Which of the following occurs first in the setting of severe mitral regurgitation due to a flail leaflet?
Dilated RV
-
What is a common symptom of a patient with endocarditis?
Fever
-
A loculated pericardial effusion is rare except for pt with?
Post op cardiac surgery
-
The sac that surrounds the heart is the?
Fibrous pericardium
-
While performing an echo on a premature baby what 2 findings are to be expected?
-
Which echocardiographic techinque is bet for the detection of MR?
Pulse doppler
-
Longstanding mitral stenosis leads to?
- CHF
- Pulm HTN
- Left atrial enlargement
-
The QRS of the Echo reflects which of the following
a) Atrial depolazation
b) Atrial repo.
c) Vent deop
d) Vent repo
Ventricular depolorization
-
Afib is most commonly associated with which valvular dz?
Rheumatic MS
-
The most common type of ASD is?
Ostium Secundum
-
Kawasaki Diasease may lead to ?
Coronary Artery Aneurysm
-
A young pt is sent to the echo lab with a dx of kawaski dz, what would you look for?
Regional wall motion abnormailty
-
The most common location for a Pseudoaneruyms Is?
Inferior Basal
-
For patients with AS and Atrial fib , peak sys aortic velocity will be?
Higher R-R intervals
-
Pt with Downs Syndrom is most likely to have a common lesion?
AV septal defect
-
In pt with tricuspid atresisa blood flow will shunt form the R-L atrium through a ?
PFO
-
What is used in Echo to measure dP/dt?
MR
-
The mitral valve doppler inflow shows a normal e/a wave. The Tissue doppler shows e/a reveral. The most accurate dx would be?
Pseduo normal
-
A Pisa calculation can not be preformed to determine the severity of the MR when this is present?
a) Tricuspid stenosis
b) Decreased cardiac output
c) LA enlargement
d) Mult jets
Mult jets
-
With a hypertrophic CMP you would see?
a) Left atrial volume overload
b) LA pressure overload
c) LV pressuer overload
d) LV volume overload
Left ventricular overload
-
Which type of MV abnormally often occurs when the heart muscle has been damaged by MI?
a) underdeveloped MV
b) Cleft MV
c) mitral regurg
d) Mitral stenosis
MR
-
A finding of holodiastolic flow reversal in the descending aorta maybe a false positive of severe aortic regurgitation if the patient has?
PDA
-
What technique is used to reduce sidelobes ?
Apolization
-
The most common area for a sinus of valsuva aneurysm is?
RCC
-
Left atrial thrombus is often seen in pt with?
Mitral stenosis
-
Pt. with Ebsteins anomaly often have an associated congential abnormally?
Secudum ASD
-
What is a know compliction of bioprosthetic heart valve?
Pannus Growth
-
The normal mean left atrial pressure is comparable to?
Left vent diastolic
-
The velocity time integral measurment calculates?
Mean velocities
-
In normal development what is the last to close?
foramen ovale
-
The congenital cardiac anomaly seen most freguently in adults is?
Biscuspid Aortic Valve
-
The doppler jet of MS obtained at the apex is somtimes confused with?
Aortic insufficiencey
-
An advantage of CW doppler to PW is?
Peak velocity detection
-
Know inlet location?
Subvalvular low near mitral and tricuspid valve
-
Which window is best for eval the ball excursion of a starr edwards MV using M-mode tech?
Apical
-
An ex of a Bioprosthetic cardial valve?
Ionescu-shiley Bovine
-
M-mode echo demonstration of mid-systolic closure of the pulmonary valve along with a decreased "a" wave is most consistent with?
Pulmonary hypertension
-
The right vent can be measured from the m-mode of the LV during this part of the cardial cycle?
- Diastolic
- Range: 1.3-2.5cm
-
Pt. with a higher than normal heart rate may cause the doppler signal of the LV inflow to:
Have a single E/A wave velocity
-
Which two dimensional echo view is best for the assessment of the interatrial septum?
Subcostal 4 chamber
-
What is the number and location of the papilllary muscles of a normal mitral valve?
2-- posteromedial, anterolatera
-
A pt with LA myxoma may have symptoms similar to those pt having
Mitral stenosis
-
Myocardial blood flow is most predominate during which phase of the cardiac cycle?
Diastolic
-
In constictive pericardities does the E wave increase or decrease with inspiration?
Decrease
-
In normal pt why does the peak velocity of flow in the pulmonary artery occur later than the peak velocity in the Aorta?
Vascular resistence if lower
-
Tricuspid valve closure normally occurs?
less than 0.06 seconds after the mitral valve
-
Which m-mode finding is considered to be a specific indicator of a fensestrated aortic valve?
Diastolic flutter of the aortic valve
-
What 2D views are best for imaging of a discete subaortic membrane?
- Subcostal long axis
- Apical 4 chamber
-
In pt with IHSS , they will display
-
Which term is used to describe a segment of ventricular wall that exhibits no motion?
Akinesis
-
Which echo window is used in the detection assessment of the IVC?
Subcostal
-
In order to record the vegetation of endocarditis by echo, the vegetation must have a diameter of at least?
3mm
-
A true aneusysm of the LV can usually be distinguised from a pseudoaneurysm because?
has a smaller narrow neck than an true
-
Which type of CMP is associated with amyloidosis?
Infiltrative
-
Carcinoid heart dz, the cardiac songrapher must devote special attention to identifiying abnormal finding of the?
Tricuspid Valve
-
Mitral regurg results in Preload or afterload
Preload
-
In AS the LV sys pressure exceeds that of the aorta
-
Myocardial blood flow in the normal heart returns to the RA vis the?
Coronary Sinus
-
The coronary arteries mainly fill during?
Diastole
-
What congential abnormality best describes the aorta arises from the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery arises from the left ventricle refers to:
D transpostion of the great vessels
-
A pt. presents to the ER with a MI and new systolic murmur . The most common reason for the murmur is?
Papillary muscle dysfunction
-
A mitral vavle "e" velocity of greater than ___ ma indicte severe MR
1.2m/sec
-
What is considered a increase risk factor for ischemic hearat dz?
Systemic hypertension
-
In Marfan Syndrom why does aortic dissection and MVP occur?
Decreased Fibrillin
-
Premature closure of the aortic valve on m-mode is most consistent with?
MR
-
MR in patients with Rheumatic mitral stenosis is most likely due to ?
Left atrial enlargement
-
Which cardiac chamber is most likely to be involved with metatatic tumor?
Right Atrium
-
When Starr-Edward prosthetic valves are located in both the mitral and aortic postions, mitral regurgitation is best detected from which window?
Subcostal
-
The heart reponds to increased in preload by increase in ?
Contractitly
-
What is the primary effect of long standing aortic regurgitation?
Decreased ejection fraction
-
Dp/dt measurement of MR assess what?
LV sys function
-
Coarctation of the aorta is associated with?
Biscuspid Aortic valve
-
The majority of organisms attach to the _____ side of the antrioventricualar valve?
Atrial
-
The pressure 1/2 time of the MV can be inaccurate when which of the following anbormalites are present?
TS
TR
AS
Aortic insuff
Aortic insuff
-
Rheumatic mitral stenosis with an ASD best describes?
Lutembachers syndrom
-
In differentiating MR and LVOT doppler tracing th following should be considered?
MR duration is longer than LVOT outflow
-
The tricuspid regurg murmur may increase with inspiration . This known is?
Carvallo's sign
-
Fine fluttering of the AMVL suggest?
Aortic regurg
-
A MI that extends through all the layers of the heart is known as?
Transmural
-
What % of patients with Marfan's syndrom have MVP?
60-80%
-
A CW 1/2 time (aortic) of 175 sec . This indicates what degree of aortic regurg
Severe
-
The most common typer of VSD?
Membranous
-
A shunt from a PDA will be noted from the ?
Aorta pulmonary artery
-
High risk patient for infiltrive endocarditis include those with?
IV drug use
-
A left ventricular thrombus is usally in a area of ?
Abnorma wall motion
-
What is the best echo techinque for revealing hibernating or stunnd myocardium?
Dobutamine
-
Mitral stenosis murmur?
Diastolic rumble with an opening snap
-
The atrial septal defect that affects the upper portion of the interatrial septum is?
Sinus Venosus
-
Isovolumetric timing with ECG
- R wave contraction
- T wave relaxation
-
When measuring 2D measurements end diastolic is defined as?
Onset of the QRS
-
What CMP is caused by genetics?
hypertrophic CMP
-
The valve located at the ostium of the IVE is?
Eustachian Valve
-
A VSD defect is noted on the apical 4chamber view near the apex. This typer of defect is referred to as an?
Muscular VSD
-
The left main coronary artery divides into the ?
-
A common ele abnormality seen in pt with a dilated CMP?
Conduction defects
eg.LBBB
-
The tricuspid regurgitation murmur may increase with inspiration. This is know?
Carvallo sign
-
Which valve opens during ventricular systole?
Semilurar
-
Name 4 m-mode finding asso with Mitral Stenosis
- Decrease e-f slope
- Decrease E wave amplitude
- Mult reverblant echo
- Ant displacemnt of the PMVL
-
Pt with severe pulmonic stenosis may have an "A" wave measurment on the pulmonic valve m-mode tracing greater than ?
7mm
-
By echo a medium size pericardial effusion is?
Less than 1cm but seen ant an post
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