Nutrition Final

Most common/ best supplement taken

percentage of the population taking supplements

Five common single dose supplements

causes the body to go into a false deficiency state when missed

Three symptoms of false deficiency

Five arguments for taking supplements

Number one reason people take supplements

Three situations in which there would be an increased nutrient need

Main supplement needed by people who do not eat meat

Main supplement needed by people who do not eat dairy

Main supplements needed by infants

Main supplements needed by pregnant women

Main supplements needed by women of child bearing age

main supplements needed by the elderly

Main supplement needed by lactose intolerant

What may increase supplement need?

Six arguements against supplements

Toxicity of which vitamin in prenatal supplements caused birth defects and miscarriages?

time period vitamins and minerals should be consumed

Aside from liquids, best form of supplement to take

percentage of nutrients and nonreactives in pill supplements

How to test the dissolving time of pill form supplements?

Maximum time acceptable for pill supplements to dissolve

What may gummies and gelcaps not contain?

Three misleading claims of supplements

Recommended forms of folic acid

Recommended forms of vitamin E

Supplements are ____, so should be kept out of reach of children and not abused

percentage of key nutrient needs from supplements

Most important nutrient to analyze

Three ways vitamins differ from macronutrients

rate and extent that a nutrient is absorbed and used

provitamins consumed in an inactive form and become active in the body

Vitamins can be easily destroyed because of their ___ nature.

Four ways vitamins are destroyed

Six ways to minimize nutrient loss from fruits and vegetables

Best methods of cooking

Water soluble vitamins

fat soluble vitamins

Where are water soluble vitamins absorbed?

Where are fat soluble vitamins absorbed?

How often are water soluble vitamins necessary?

How often are fat soluble vitamins needed?

Storage, excretion of water soluble vitamins

storage, excretion of fat soluble vitamins

Are water soluble or fat soluble vitamins more likely to reach toxicity?

nutrients DRI has establised a UL for

Three functions of B vitamins

Where B vitamin recommendations come from

B1

B2

B3

B vitamins are ___ on one another, meaning one may affect the absorption, metabolism, and exretion of another.

B vitamins do not produce energy, but rather...?

Two B vitamins that have significant cases of deficiency

Two cymptoms of B vitamin deficiencies

B vitamins from grain groups

B vitamin from fruits and vegetables

B vitamins from meat group

B vitamins from milk group

Five invalid beliefs for taking supplements

Max amount of iron generally safe

Structure function claims from FDA on labels

how many calories typically needed of healthy foods per day for adequate vitamin and minerals?

bioavailabilty is effected by

precursor of vit A

minerals are ____, so cannot be destroyed easily.

moved by special carriers

primary role of B vitamins

Two B vitamins that perform metabolism and cell multiplication

Functions of Vitamin C

ascorbic acid

Vitamin C aids absorption of ___ and ___

increases Vitamin C needs by 10 times

Increases needs of vitamin C

defiency of vitamin C

C deficiency symptoms

Toxicity Vitamin C symptoms

Good sources of C

British sent ___ to soldiers with vit C deficiency

collectively known as retinoids

functions of vit A

Vitamin A deficienc y symptoms

toxicity attacks body cells like the liver

Sources of preformed vit A

beta carotene sources

Surprise sources of Vit A

hormone that the body can synthesize

sunshine vitamin

function of vitamin D

vitamin D aids in the absorption of __ and __

Vit D deficiency in children

vit D deficiency in adults

Toxicity of vita D comes from ___

Toxicity of vit D causes

Vit D main sources

adequate sunlight for vit D synthesizing

tocopherols

primary function of vit E

vit E deficiency is associated with diseases of

caused by liver or kidney malfunction

sources of vit E

percentage of RDA of Vit E from oil

can serve as both a moisturizer for skin of drying agent for blemishes

functions of vit K

Vit K deficiency symptoms

vit K toxicity symptoms

Sources of vit K

50% of vit K needs can be synthesized from?

temporarily reduces vit K production

genetic disorder where blood is too thin and is not cured by vit K

Taking folic acid when in need of B12 causes

thiamin

functions of thiamin

thiamin deficiency

thiamin deficiency symptoms

best sources of thiamin

moderate sources of thiamin

Three things that destroy thiamin

riboflavin

functions of riboflavin

B2 deficiency symptoms

half need of riboflavin from

fourth source of riboflavin from ___ and ___ each

Two excellent sources of B2

stable to heat

riboflavin is easily destroyed by

niacin

functions of niacin

niacin is converted from the amino acid ___

niacin deficiency

pellegra means "___"

niacin deficiency symptoms

niacin sources

best source of niacin

symptoms of niacin toxicity

niacin toxicity

why take 10x the RDA of niacin?

claimed as B4 by the cosmetic industry

functions of biotin

biotin deficiency occurs in the cases of

biotin deficiency symptoms

last vitamin discovered

functions of B5

pahtothenic acid deficiency results in

sources of B5

B5 is easily destroyed by

pyridoxine

function of pyridoxine is based on

pyridoxine deficiency symptoms

advanced deficiency of pyridoxine causes

PMS like symptoms

B6 toxicity occures when trying to treat PMS incorrectly and causes irreversible ___ ___.

A women must have adequate amounts of folic acid when?

What year did the committee decide to enrich grain products with folic acid

what two vitamins work most closesly together

functions of folic acid

folic acid deficiency

folic acid deficiency symptoms

sources of folic acid

Folic acid destroyed by

B12

function of B12

cobalamin deficiency related to

body recycles what vitamin

cobalamin deficiency symptoms

B12 deficiencies may develop with or after..

Normal recycling of B12 lasts __ years, but with chemo lasts only __ years.

sources of B12

Who needs B12 supplements?

who needs B12 injections

percentage of calcium found in bones

Where is the remaining 1% of calcium found

What pulls calcium from bones to maintain levels?

process whereby minerals crystallize on the collagen matrix of a growing bone to harden it

Bone remodeling is

DASH diet is rich in what three nutrients?

Calcium has protective qualities against

Studies say to tone abdominal muscles, one should ad ___ to their diet.

best source of calcium

Three things calcium works with for absorption

develops when there are high blood calcium levels and causes muscles to contract

develops when there are low blood calcium levels and causes uncontrolled muscle contraction

Absorption rate of calcium for adults

pregnant women need how much more calcium absorption rate

What nutrient can the fetus literally rob from a mother

Factors that enhance calcium absorption

Factors that inhibit calcium absorption

Recommended intake of calcium for adults 19-50 years

bone's fullest potential in size and density

peak bone mass is developed in

Calcium fortified products

disease where bones become porous and fragile due to mineral loss

Calcium deficiency in children can result in

most prevalent disease in the United States

diagnosis of osteoporosis is done with a

number one predictor of osteoporosis

number two predictor of osteoporosis

minimize bone losss with adequate intakes of

maximize bone mass by consuming

What offers some protection from osteoporosis

___ strength and __ strength go together.

Things that play a role in the prevalence of osteoporosis in the category of ethnicity

Five risks of alcholo abuse and osteoporosis

key to prevention of osteoporosis

nutrients that protect against hip fractures

nutrients that help maintain bone mineral density

Vit A, Omega 3, fruits, vegetables, and reduction of salt can help to prevent

contain calcium carbonate

three calcium supplements

___ doses of calcium are better absorbed.

Three nutrients to normalize blood pressure

Nutrients integral to bone health

electrolyte associated with fluid balance and hypertension

Sources of potassium

Five roles of potassium

One should intake at least as much potassium as

Adequate intake for adults in potassiium

potassium and hypertension are ___ related.

potassium deficiency symptoms

potassium toxicity results from

potassium toxicity symptoms

Potassium given into a vein causes

___ greatly affects food content

supplements of trace minerals should be no more than what percentage of DRI

very easy to have imbalance of

most important trace mineral

percentage of iron found in hemoglobin

carries oxygen in the blood

holds oxygen for use by muscles

Iron absorption depends on what four things

iron from animal sources

iron from plant sources

Ways to lose iron through natural body losses

most common nutrient deficiency

low blood counts caused by low iron

anemia symtptoms

appetite for ice, clay, paste, and other nonfood substances

when follow through with PICA, causes

iron overload

caused by a genetic disorder or multiple transfusion or excessive iron supplements

Treatment of hemochromatosis

leading cause of death among children

Iron needs ____ during pregnancy

typical adult diet should contain how much iron

Best food sources of iron

fair sources of iron

Poor sources of iron

iron from cast iron cookware getting into food

Things to do to relieve side effects of iron supplements

surprise sources of iron

most abundant mineral in the body

how much calcium is typically in a body of a 130 lb person?

roles of calcium in early life

calcium forms ___ for strength and ridgity for bones to support weight

how often do bone cells get replaced

helps bone and teeth structure and formation but is at risk in diets

calcium involved in blood clotting

calcium involved in muscle contraction

Statistics of breaking bones

DEXA scan

Risk factors of osteoporosis

Protection from osteoporosis