GEO -1303

A measure of a country's overall economic output. It is the market value of all final goods and services made within the borders of a country in a year.

An aeolian sediment formed by the accumulation of wind-blown siltand lesser and variable amounts of sand and clay that are loosely cemented by calcium carbonate.

A category of related Chinese dialects spoken across most of northern and south-western China.

An ethnic group native to China and, by most modern definitions, the largest single ethnic group in the world.

A geographical region that has economic laws that are more liberal than a country's typical economic laws.

A city of sub-provincialadministrative status in southern China's Guangdong province, situated immediately north of Hong Kong.

Currently the most commonly used romanization system for Standard Mandarin. (Chinese language)

A Chinese thinker and social philosopher, whose teachings and philosophy have deeply influenced Chinese, Korean, Japanese, and Vietnamese thought and life.

A violent mass movement that resulted in social, political, and economic upheaval in the People’s Republic of China starting in 1966 and ending officially with Mao's death in 1976.

The economy of a country which undergoes rapid economic growth, usually accompanied by an increase in the standard of living. The term was initially used for Japan, South Korea, Singapore, Hong Kong and Taiwan (East Asian Tigers), and in the 1990s it was applied to the Republic of Ireland (theCeltic Tiger). Later on Dubai, Slovakia and the Baltic countries developed a tiger economy as well.

The indigenous spirituality of Japan and the Japanese people.

A geographical term that is used in various ways among the different branches of geography. In general, a region may be seen as a collection of smaller units (as in "the New England states") or as one part of a larger whole (as in "the New England region of the United States").

The largest plain in Japan located in the Kanto Region of central Honshū.

A plateau region in Asia and adisputed territory, north of the Himalayas. Other wise known as Tibet.

An autonomous region of the People's Republic of China and also claimed by the Republic of China. It is the largest Chinese administrative division and spans over 1.6 million sq. km.

The social stratification and social restrictions in the Indian subcontinent, in which social classes are defined by thousands of endogamous hereditary groups, often termed as jātis or castes.

An area of closed, circular fluid motion rotating in the same direction as the Earth.

The predominant and indigenous religious tradition of South Asia.

The name given to various Indo-Aryan languages, dialects, and language registers spoken in northern and central India, Pakistan, Fiji, Mauritius, and Surinam.

A Central Indo-Aryan language of the Indo-Iranian branch, belonging to the Indo-European family of languages. It is one of the two official languages (the other being English) of Pakistan.

The area of a country, province, region, or state, regarded as enjoying primary status; although there are exceptions, a capital is almost always a city which physically encompasses the offices and meeting places of the seat of government and is fixed by law.

A series of research, development, and technology transfer initiatives, occurring between 1943 and the late 1970s, that increased industrialized agriculture production in many developing nations.

An ancient religion of India that prescribes a path of non-violence towards all living beings. Its philosophy and practice rely mainly on self-effort to progress the soul up the spiritual ladder to divine consciousness.

A monistic religion founded in fifteenth century Punjab on the teachings of Guru Nanak Dev and ten successive Sikh Gurus.
(Combination of Hinduism and Islam)

A religion and philosophy encompassing a variety of traditions, beliefs and practices, largely based on teachings attributed to Siddhartha Gautama, commonly known as the Buddha (Pāli/Sanskrit "the awakened one"), and is classified as an Indian religion.

A seasonal reversing wind accompanied by seasonal changes in precipitation, but is now used to describe seasonal changes in atmospheric circulation and precipitation.

The study of the formation and relief of mountains, and can more broadly include hills, and any part of a region's elevated terrain.

Language in Sri Lanka.

A Dravidian language spoken predominantly by Tamil peopleof the Indian subcontinent.

The northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent.

A cultural region straddling the border between Pakistan and India.

The partition of British India on the basis of religious demographics that led to the creation, on 14 August 1947 and 15 August 1947, respectively, of the sovereign states of the Dominion of Pakistan (later Islamic Republic of Pakistan and People's Republic of Bangladesh) and the Union of India (later Republic of India).

A term often used interchangeably with slum.

A philosophical, religious or spiritual idea that souls or spirits exist not only in humans but also in animals, plants, rocks, natural phenomena such as thunder, geographic features such as mountains or rivers, or other entities of the natural environment.

A geo-political and economic organization of 10 countries located in Southeast Asia, which was formed on 8 August 1967 by Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand. Since then, membership has expanded to include Brunei, Burma (Myanmar), Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam. Its aims include the acceleration of economic growth, social progress, cultural development among its members, the protection of the peace and stability of the region, and to provide opportunities for member countries to discuss differences peacefully.

A foreign policy theory during the 1950s to 1980s, promoted at times by the government of the United States, that speculated that if one land in a region came under the influence of communism, then the surrounding countries would follow in a domino effect.

The name given to the followers of the Communist Party of Kampuchea, the totalitarian ruling party in Cambodiafrom 1975 to 1979, led by Pol Pot, Ieng Sary, Son Sen and Khieu Samphan.

A trading post where merchandise can be imported and exported without paying import duties, often at a profit.

The leading city in its country or region, disproportionately larger than any others in the urban hierarchy.

Consists of cutting and burning of forests or woodlands to create fields for agriculture or pasturefor livestock, or for a variety of other purposes.

A non-frontal synoptic scale low-pressure system over tropical or sub-tropical waters with organized convection (i.e. thunderstorm activity) and definite cyclonic surface wind circulation.

Reincarnation is believed to occur when the soul or spirit, after the death of the body, comes back to Earth in a newborn body. This phenomenon is also known as transmigration of the soul.

A circular shape is the easiest to manage.

A nation such as Chile makes for difficult governance of peripheral areas in the north and south from the central capital region near Santiago.

These states have an extended arm of territory. Like an elongated state, the panhandle complicates that shape of the territory. The state of Oklahoma also has a prominent panhandle.

Nations such as Indonesia, which is composed of more than 13,000 islands.

The original inhabitants of the Australian continent and nearby islands, and these peoples' descendants.

A chain or cluster of islands that are formed tectonically.

A island of coral that encircles a lagoon partially or completely.

In geology (and sometimes in archaeology), an island of volcanic origin.

In geology (and sometimes in archaeology), an island of coral origin.

The indigenous Polynesian people of New Zealand (Aotearoa).

A subregion of Oceania extending from the western end of the Pacific Ocean to theArafura Sea, and eastward to Fiji.

A subregion of Oceania, comprising a large grouping of over 1,000 islands scattered over the central and southern Pacific Ocean.

A subregion of Oceania, comprising thousands of small islands in the western Pacific Ocean.

"the recognition by Australian law that some Indigenous people have rights and interests to their land that come from their traditional laws and customs".

The vast, remote, arid area of Australia, although the term colloquially can refer to any lands outside the main urban areas.

A simplified language that develops as a means of communication between two or more groups that do not have a language in common, in situations such as trade, or where both groups speak languages different from the language of the country in which they reside (but there is no common language between the groups).

A series of water waves caused by the displacement of a large volume of a body of water, such as an ocean or a large lake.

This comprises various historical policies that intentionally restricted "non-white" immigration toAustralia from 1901 to 1973. The end of the White Australia policy was in 1975.

A infraclass of mammals, characterized by a distinctive pouch, in which females carry their young through early infancy.

Mammals that lay eggs (Prototheria) instead of giving birth to live young like marsupials (Metatheria) and placental mammals (Eutheria).

A trade and economic policy based on the premise that a countryshould attempt to reduce its foreign dependency through the local production of industrialized products.

A confined aquifer containing groundwater that will flow upward through a well, called an artesian well, without the need for pumping.