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1397: Lutheranism in Scandinavia
- a. Union of Kalmar brought unification of Denmark, Norway and Sweden into just Denmark, but wasn’t socially or politically successful due to nobles opposing centralization
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16th
- i. union about to break
- 1. 1520: Christian II of Denmark, ruler of three kingdoms, was overthrown by Swedish barons led by Gustavus Vasa, who later became king of a freed Sweden and led Lutheran Reformation in his country
- a. 1530s: Swedish Lutheran National Church created
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Christian IIand Frederick I
- i. also deposed as king of Denmark by Danish nobles and succeeded by uncle, Frederick I
- ii. Frederick I
- 1. Encouraged spread of Lutheran doctrines and introduction of Lutheran liturgy to Danish church service
- 2. Succeeded by Christian III, who installed a Lutheran state church with king as supreme authority
- a. Also spreaded Lutheranism to nOrway
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1540s
- i. Scandinavia a Lutheran stronghold; monarchs dominant in establishing state-run churches
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The Zwinglian Reformation
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- a. Swiss Confederation: loose association of 13 self-governing states called cantons
- i. Theoretically part of Holy Roman empire, but independent in 1499
- 1. 6 forest cantons were democratic republics, while the seven urban cantons were governed by city councils controlled by oligarchies of wealthy citizens
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Ulrich Zwingli
- Product of Swiss forest cantons
- i. Bachelor and masters degree; strongly influenced by Christian humanism and ordained in 1506
- 1. Accepted parish post in rural Switzerland until appointment as cathedral priest in the Great Minster of Zurich in 1518
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Refromation in Switzerland
- Zwingli began reformation in Switzerland
- i. Preaching of the Gospel caused unrest and caused city council to dispute in town hall
- 1. Disputation became standard method of spreading Reformation
- a. Advantage to reformers, since they had power of new ideas nad Catholics not used to defending their teachings
- i. Zwingli’s party was Victorious
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Reforms in Zurich
- i. Evangelical reforms promulgated in Zurich by city council strongly influenced by Zwingli, who looked to state for church supervision
- 1. Relics and images abolished; paintings and decorations removed from churches and replaced by white walls
- 2. Mass replaced by new liturgy of Scripture, prayer, and sermons, no music
- 3. Abolishment of monasticism, pilgrimages, veneration of saints, clerical celibacy, and the pope’s authority
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Zwingli reforms vs. political problem
- a. Zwingli’s reform encountered political problem due to forest cantons remaining Catholic
- i. He feared they’d ally with Habsburgs and attempted to build a league of evangelical cities by seeking an agreement with Luther and German reformers
- 1. It seemed possible since already a fusion of Luther and Zwingli movements made by Martin Bucer
- 2. Both German and Swiss reformers realized need for unity to defend against imperial and conservative opposition
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Landgrave Philip of Hesse
- i. Protestant political leaders, especially Landgrave Philip of Hesse, feared that Charles V would take advantage of division between reformers and attempted to promote an alliance of Swiss and German reformed churches by persuading the learders of both groups to attend a colloquy at Marburg to resolve their differences
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colloquy at Marburg
- 1. Agreed on all except interpretation of Lord’s Supper
- a. Zwingli: body and blood symbol meal of rememberance
- b. Luther: real presence of body and blood
- 2. Marburg Colloquy of 1529 produced no agreement and no evangelical alliance
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October 1531:
- i. war between Swiss protestants and Catholic cantons
- 1. Zurich’s army routed
- 2. Zwingli wounded, killed, cut up, burned, and ashes scattered
- a. Swiss civil war of 1531
- i. Foreshadowed violence of inability to find peaceful ways to agree on Gospel meaningsà violence and decision by force
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