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Name 4 examples of nerve receptors in the skin
- Pacinian corpuscle: layered (onion-like), sense pressure and vibration
- Meissner's corpuscle: light touch (painting in histo lab)
- Merkel cells: connect to naked nerve endings
- Free nerve engins: pain and temperature sensation
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What are the muscles for shoulder abduction? innervation?
Deltoid (mostly) and supraspinatus. Deltoid -axillary; supraspinatus - suprascapular
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What muscles are involved in scapular retraction/protraction? innervation?
- Retraction: trapezius (CN XI); rhomboids (dorsal scapular nerve)
- protraction: serratus anterior (LTN)
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Name muscles involved in abduction and adduction of fingers.
- Interosseous muscles:
- Dorsal ABduct (DAB)
- Palmar ADduct (PAD)
- all innervated by ulnar nerve.
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name the three thenar muscles
abductor pollicis brevis, felxor pollicis brevis, opponens pollicis
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muscles involved in shoulder adduction and forearm flexion and extension.
Adduction: Latissimus dorsi (Thoracodorsal nerve); Pectoralis major (Lateral Pectoral nerve; Medial Pectoral nerve); Teres major (Lower Subscapular nerve)
Forearm Flexion: Biceps Brachii (Musculocutaneous nerve); Brachialis (Musculocutaneous nerve); Brachioradialis (Radial nerve)
Forearm Extension:Triceps Brachii (Radial nerve)
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What movements is the shoulder capable of?
flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, medial rotation, lateral rotation
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Name the muscles responsible for finger and wrist flexion
- Wrist Extension:
- Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus and Brevis– Radial nerve – C6/C7/C8)
- Extensor Carpi Ulnaris – Radial – C7/C8
- Extensor Digitorum – Radial – also contributes to wrist extension (C7/C8)
- Finger Flexion:
- Flexor Digitorum Superficialis – flexes PIP and MCP joints – Median (C7/C8/T1)
- Flexor Digitorum Profundus – flexes DIP joint – Medial ½ = Ulnar (C8/T1); lateral ½ = Median (C8/T1).
- Lumbricals – flex MCP joint – lateral lumbricals (toward thumb) = Median (C8/T1); medial lumbricals (toward pinky (5th) digit) = Ulnar (C8/T1)
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What are the three main gluteal bursae?
- trochanteric bursa (greater trochanter from IT band and sup. gluteus maximus)
- ischial bursa (glut max from ischeal tuberosity)
- gluteofemoral bursa (separate IT tract from vastus medialis attachment)
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Which muscles are responsible for dorsiflexion
tibialis anterior, EDL, EHL, fibialis tertius, all innervated by common peroneal nerve
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What is the target goal of hypertension treatment? What if the person has diabetes?
- without diabetes: 140/90
- with diabetes: 130/80 because people with diabetes are predisposed to artheriosclerosis
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What factors determine arterial blood pressure
- peripheral resistance: increase in vascular tone will increase
- CO: increase in preload or contractility will increase
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How does salt increase BP?
salt may cause fluid retention at the kidneys, which results in increased blood volume, increasing preload and cardiac output, therefore increasing BP
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How does sympathetic and parasymp NS affect blood pressure at the level of (a) heart and (b) blood vessels
- (a) increased symp will increase HR and contractility increasing BP, parasymp will decrease HR slightly lowering BP
- (b) increased symp will vasoconstrict which will elevate BP, parasymp will vasodilate and decrease BP
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List the muscles that help with forced inspiration
- Sternocleidomastoids
- Scalenes
- Pec major and minor
- serratus anterior
- serratus posterior superior
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muscles that help with forced expiration
rectus abdominus, internal and external obliques, serratus posterior inferior
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Cells of the avleoli
- Type I - gas exchange
- Type II - secrete surfactant, can divide into type I
- Macrophages (dust cells) - injest particles and germs
- clara cells - surfactant and antiinflammatory
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