biot3ch36

science that evaluates occurence, determinants, distribution, and control of health and disease in a defined human population

occurs occasionally and at irregular intervals

maintains a relatively steady low-level frequency at a moderately regular interval

• sudden occurance
• sudden increase 
• increase of occurence within large populations

• prevalence rate
• morbidity rate
• mortality rate

total number of individuals infected at any one time

number of new cases in a specific time perioud per unit of population

number of deaths from a disease per number of cases of the disease

by the characteristic disease syndrome: set of signs and symptoms characterisic of a disease

• objectve changes in body observed
• subjective changes experienced

gathering of digital images of earth's surface from satelites and trasnforming data into maps

data management system that organizes and displays digital map data from RS

• incubation - pathogen entry but no symptoms
• prodromal - symptoms
• perioud of illness - climax of disease
• convalescence - symptoms begin to disseappear

determine causative agen and the source of the disease as well as its mechanism for transmission and factors that help it

infection hard to spread because a large percentage of the population is immune

big change in atigenic character vs smaller change

• koch's postulates
• clinical microbiology lab

can be transmitted from one host to another

overt clinical case of the disease

has recovered but continues to harbor large numbers of pathogen

numerous diseases of animal resevoirs

oragnisms that spread disease from one host to another

• airborne
• contact
• vehicle
• vector-borne

small particles that can remain airborne for a long time and travel long distances

inanimate materials or objects involved in pathogen transmission

single vehicle spreads to multiple hosts (i.e. water, food)

comomn vehicles such as surgical instruments, bedding, and eating utensils

mostly arthropods or vertebrates that can transmit disease

• passive carriage of pathogen on body of vector
• pathogen doensn't grow on it

carried within vector

pathogen does not undergo changes within vector

pathogen undergoes changes within vector

movement of pathogen to portal of exit

excretion in feces, urine droplets, saliva, or desquamated cells

are from pathogens that develop within a hostpital or a clinical care facility and are acquired by patients while they are in the facility

brought into hospital by patient or acquired when patient is colonized after admission

microbiota other than the patient's

caused by patient's owm microbiota, but it is not known if the infectious microbe was aaquired before or after admission

• reduce or eliminate source of infection
• break connection between source and individual
• reduce number of susptible individuals

microbial intigen used to induce protective immunity

most current vaccines against bacteria and virueses oncist of whole microbes that are either inactiveated or attenuated

• a nontoxic materal that prolongs antigen interaction with immune cells
• stimulates immunes response to the antigen

part of blood that remains after cells and clotting factors have been removed (called antiserum when obtained from immunized host due to antibodies)

specfic, purifed macromolecules form pathogenic microbes

pathogen genese for major antigens are inserted into nonvirulent vectors that express the inserted gene

• salmonella restaurant
• shigella in a hospitol lab
• anthrax through mail