Advanced Normal Language Final - Terminology

• a word that describes, identifies, or qualifies a noun, pronoun, or gerund by specifying
• size, color, number, or other attributes.

A type of NARRATIVE; the narrato spontaneously relates something he or she has experienced.

a word that describes a verb, an adjective, or other adverbs by specifying time, manner, location, degree, number, or quality.

indefinite a or an, or the definite the.

Verbal hesitation phenomena such as um, oh, ah, hmm, or the like.

a verb that has no independent existence in a sentence except to support the main verb (a "helping verb")

an early semiauxiliary verb form (gonna, wanna, hafta) without an auxiliary that results from a syllabic reduction of the main verb and the infinitive verb form.

A strategy used by perschool childre nfor producing a story, where parts of a story cluster around a core idea.

A strtegy for poducing a story such that events are presented in temporal or logical order.

a group of words that includes a subject and a predicate; main clauses can stand alone, dependent clauses are incomplete and must be ised with main clauses to express related ideas.

Linguistic features that connect units of a NARRATIVE and achieve coherence.

Words that signal listeners to search outside the sentence to find or compoete their meaning; when meaning is completed, a COHESIVE TIE has been made.  Include REFERENCE MARKERS, CONJUNCTIVE MARKERS, LEXICAL MARKERS, substitution, and ellipsis.

Refers to binding sentences together to cohere into a unit to form a whole; the linguistic devices that tie the sentences together are COHESIVE MARKERS.

Used to segment language samples; includes each INDEPENDENT CLAUSE with its modifiers, can be used for both oral and written samples.

a sentence that conatains more than one verb phrase, the additional verb phrase may be a full sentence proposition or assumed within a clause.

a word used to join words, phrases, or clauses of equivalent value (and, but, for, or, nor, either, neither, yet, so, whereas, etc.)

Connective words that specify relations between Cus semantically, not grammatically, including conjunctive adverbs that connect meaning across CUs (and, also, or, but, however)

speaking turns that are linked to preceding turns by topic, and/or other conversational conventions ("I like dogs", "I do too.")

contractible form of the verb be as an auxiliary ("She is riding a horse.")

contractible form of the verb be as the main verb ("She is hungry")

A type of DISCOURSE consisting of talk by two or more partners with short turn-taking exchanges.

A type of DISCOURSE consisting of talk by two or more partners with short turn-taking exchanges.

a verb typically used as an auxiliary verb that is used as a main verb; the copula is also referred to as a "linking verb" since the copula links the subject of a sentece to the complement ("She is hungry")

the process of using the perspective of the speaker as the reference; the used os spatial, temporal, or interpersonal features to mark relationships.

a p.noun that points out the person or object referred to, either as an adjective to the subject of the sentence ("That ball is big").

A CLAUSE that is embedded into an utterance as a noun, adjective, or adverb clause. (see also subordinate clause)

• a unit of language that is larger than the utterance, encompassing at the very least adjacency pairs and including several speaker changes that are linked by a common topic.
• OR
• A stretch of language longer than a short sentence; genres include CONVERSATIONAL, NARRTAIVE, AND EXPOSITORY DISCOURSE.

Also called LEARNING POTENTIAL ASSESSMENT. Assessment that is not static; requires exploration and documentation of how easily a student can modify performance, given support of various kinds and degrees.  Dynamic assessment procedures, rather than NORM-REFERENCED COMPAIRSONS, may be best suited for students from nonmainstream or nonlinterate backgrounds.

speech that is drawn out by imitation or through fill in the blank.

A method for obtaining NARRATIVE samples that are not spontaneous occurrences; NARRATIVE samples may be elicited through use of verbal instructions sometimes accompanied by visual stimuli such as pictures or objects props.

a conversational convention that shortens an utterance based on information from a preceding utterance ("Who likes raisins?" "I do.")

a clause that is subordinated into a full sentence.

A story or part of a story that typically consists of SETTING, initiating event, attempt, and consequence.

The omission, inappropriate use, or overuse of a language variable.

NARRATIVE language that describes ongoing activities or plans for future activities; often heard as children play.

A typeof DISCOURSE, written or oral, whose purpose is to insturct; includes procedural DISCOURSE, description, persuasion, and others.

Descirbed as one thype of VERBAL DISRUPTION; a child begins to speak, then revises the attempt and completes the utterance.

a test, format, or inventory that has been standardized on specific populations of individuals.

The transmission and reception of messages containing fact, fiction, or feeling within a community, school, or family/personal setting.

A verb form ending in ing that is used as a noun.

a gerund and its modifiers; can function as the subject of the verb ("Counting sheep puts me to sleep.")

a gerund and its modifiers; can function as the subject of the verb ("Counting sheep puts me to sleep.")

a morpheme that adds to the grammatical structure of a word of phrase, including the 14 free and bound morphemes.

Nonlinguistic verbalization - see AUDIBLE PAUSEs, MAZES, or VERBAL DISRUTPTIONS.

A procedure for analyzing PERSONAL NARRATIVES that includes a 'high point' where evaluative comments are made about what the event meant to the narrator.

the intednded inerpretation of an utterance or speech act; the illocutionary force must be combined with a proposition for the speech act to be conveyed.

speech that repeats all or poart of previous utterances

A clause that can stand alone as grammatically complete

a form of the verb that consisits of to plus a verb, infinitives typically are used as nouns and thus function as subjects or objects of verbs ("To know him is to love him")

an infinitive plus its modifiers and subject or object; it may be used as an adjective, an adverb, or a noun.

an infinitive form of a verb that has a subject that is not the subject of the main verb ("I wanted the train to go chug chug")

a descriptive analysis procedure based on the techniques used in collecting and interpreting data from the research designs.

Words or phrases within a T-unit or CU that are a comment on the language process itself, such as, "I can't remember that word"; may be a characteristic of the speech of children with language disorders.

Refers to the PHRASES and CLAUSES that introduce a quotation (he said,"   "; Answering briefly "   "; She shouted, "   ")

form of an irregular verb indicating that an action has already taken place; there is no consistent device for marking the past tense of irregular verbs.

the irregular form of the third person singular form of the present tense of the verb.

LINGUISTIC DEBRIS that consists of spacers or fillers including and, and then, or, then, well, so.  They do not function as true conjunctions within the context of a compound or complex sentence.

the process of understaing language.

the process of producing language.

Words associated through vocabulary selection, such as repeated words, synonyms, antonyms, words having part-whole relationships, and words having superordinate-subordinate relationships.

Consturcts that do not directly fit into the meaningful context of the sentence: joiners, self-corrections, spontaneous comments/questions, and organizational repetitions.

Refers to whether the person listening to a NARRATIVE has knowledge of its content; when eliciting fictional stories, the child may include more detail and explisit REFERENCES when the listener has not heard the model story or seen the movie.

Normative data that are collected and scored using a local population for reference; allows students to be compared with peers from the local environment.

The global, general properties and organization of a NARRATIVE.

A clause that can stand alone as grammatically complete.

A series of words or unattached fragments that do not constitute a CU and are not necessary to the CU. Sometives used as a general term for verbal disruptions to the flow of speech; maze behavior may include FALSE STARTS, REPETITIONS, word parts, nonlinguistic vocalizations (uh, oh, hmm), and ABANDONED UTTERANCES.

MEAN NUMBER OF DEPENDENT CLAUSES PER CU.

The number of words in the sample divided by the number of CUs; a measure used to quantify growth in the elaboration of language.

the average number of morphemes per utterance.

DEPENDENT CLAUSES only, counted and divided by the total number of Cus in the sample - used to qualtify growth in the elaboration of language.

The local, more specific properties of a NARRATIVE, such as COHESIVE TIES and sentence-level grammar.

an auxiliary verb that carries its own meaning and influences the meaning of the main verb (can, could, may, might, must, ought, shall, should, will, and would)

the smallest unit of meaning in a language

sentences that contain more than one type of embedding; may include sentences with relative clauses and infinitives or semiauxiliaries

an utt that contains more than one semantic role or grammatical category (agent-action-object)

Oral or written DISCOURSE that relates real or fictional events that are temporally sequenced and convey meaning.

Term from Appleby - analysis of stories generated by preschool children; refers to six levels based on the amount of CENTERING and CHAINING OF EVENTS and characters.

NUMBER OF DIFFERENT WORDS IN THE FIRST 50 Cus - A general quantitativ emeasure of vocabulary diversity in school-age children's NARRATIVE DISCOURSE samples; a variation of similar measures for CONVERSATIONAL DISCOURSE of preschool children.

a sentence that contains no or not within the sentces proposition

speaking turns that are not linked to preceding utterances

a noun, or a phrase of functioning as a noun, that fulfills the role of subject or object of a verb in a sentence; the only obligatory component of this sentence constituent is a noun or pronoun.

a phrase that functions as the object of the verb, or predicate, of a sentence; the form of object noun phrases changes developmentally.

a part of the predicate, or verb phrase, that serves to complement by stating in a different way the object of the verb or noun phrase.

grammatical obligation of a structure for meaning to be clear

A definition that specifies the procedure to be followed in measuring a concept; designates some overt behavior that is directly observable and measurable.

LINGUISTIC DEBRIS marked by words, phrases, or clauses expressed and then repeated exactly.

A verb form used as an adjective.

Obtained by identifying all spontaneous REVISION attempts that occur, then identifying all attempts that failed; calculated by dividing the number of failed REVISION attempts by total REVISION attempts, multiplied by 100; a tentative measure of DISCOURSE  disability.

Specific quantiative measure obtained by counting the number of Cus with grammatical error/s; calculated by subtracting this number from the total number of Cus and multiplying by 100; described as an effective measure for distinguishing children who have language disorders.

pairs of simple tenses and progressive tenses of verbs indicating that action was, is, or will be completed within a given time.

A type of NARRATIVE that relates events experienced by (or observed by) the narrator.

a group of words that functions as a single part of speech but does not have both a subject and a verb

A group of related words that mayhave either a subject or a PREDICATE but not both.

study of language use independent of language structure; rules and principles that relate the structure of language to its use; a level of linguistic analysis.

The part of asentence that contains a single verb, a compound verb, or a verb with auxiliaries and any complements or modifiers; a predicate is always a verb phrase.

verb phrase of the sentence; the explanation of the action, condition, or effect of the subject of a sentence.

a word that shows how a noun or pronoun is related to another word in a sentence; most prepositions are simple and introduce a phrase.

present tense form of a verb with -ing ending indicating ongoing action.

conceptual information contained within an utterance or speech act; proposition of a speech act is the speakers meaning

Measures that are descriptive in nature, not NORM-REFERENCED  or CRITERION-REFERENCED comparisons; they indicate areas of strength or weakness. Assessment instruments include behavior rating scales and student/teacher interview protocols.

Assessment measures used to document a students' initial need or continued need for language intervention; scores often provide NORM-REFERENCED comparisons; stable measures of broad-based behavior (lengthmeasures, vocabulary diversity, or densit of complex grammatical forms).

One type of NARRATIVE that is prompted; the narrator relates events experienced by self or another using past tense verbs.

Use of an utterance to designate a particular relationship, object, person, or event; specific to an individual utterance and context.

Words that are interpreted by another source of information including personal pronouns, demonstrative pronouns, and comparative references (same, different, another).

a word that stands for a concrete thing

indicated that an action has already taken place.

requires the addition of -s to the verb

a subordinate clause that is introduced by a relative pronoun and sometimes the agrammatical "What"

NARRATIVES such as telling about a movie or book experienced in the past; such NARRATIVES  are not STORY GENERATIONS for which the narrator creastes the plot, but they require formulation of the movie or book plot without an immediate story model.

An error unit consisting of three or more single identical owrds in the same sentence or consecutive sentences (other than the and a) or two or more repetitions of a phrase or clause in the same sentence or consequtive sentences.

One kind of elicited NARRATIVE sample; a model story is told or read, and the student is asked to retell it.

Also called REPAIR. In oral language, any word, phrase, or utterance that corrects an omission of necessary information from the preceding text or corrects erroneous or ambiguous information.

A recurring, meaningless phrase observed during CONVERSATIONAL or NARRATIVE DISCOURSE sampling.

Coding systems with short descritions of dimensions or features against which to score a unit of spoken or written text.

SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF LANGUAGE TRANSCRIPTS; a computerized language analysis program.

A temporary linguistic support that makes language production easier for the child.

The language typically needed in academic, classroom tasks.

Aso called GENERAL EVENT REPRESENTATION. A type of NARRATIVE DISOCURSE; verbally relating what usually or routinely happens; told in present tense, often with universal you as the subject pronoun.

a combo of two or more individual semantice roles and/or residual grammatical categories; they express meanings in addition to the meanings expressed in individual words.

study of language content; rules and principles for the expression and understanding of meaning

words like "gotta, gonna, wanna" and hafta used with a verb that appears to be the main verb of a sentence including catentives

a noun phrase that is the complement of the infinitive within the semiauxiliary verb phrase

a subject (noun phrase) and a predicate (verb phrase)

When a NARRATIVE contains gaps in the order a STORY is told.

The part of a NARRATIVE that indicates where and when a STORY takes place and who the characters are; may include description of characters.

form of a verb consisting of to plus the verb

form of a verb consisting of to plus the verb used in a sentence without other sentence constituents

a linguistic unit of communication consisting of a propostion (meaning) and illocutionary force (intention)

speech that does not repeat part of the precedingutterance

Represents the average difference of a set of test scores from the mean score.

Usually fictional; fictionalized ACCOUTS of animals, people, and/or created beings that relate past, present, or future events that are not real.

One kind of elicited NARRATIVE sample; contrasted with RETELLING; the student is asked to generate or make up a STORY and may be provided with a picture or picture sequence; no model STORY is provided.

Provides the overall thematic organization of a STORY in terms of causal and temporal relationships; including SETTING and EPISODE structure (initiating event, internal response, plan, attmept, consequence, reaction).

A mental representation of the structure of a STORY; used for both comprehending and producing STORIES.

One sentence provided by the examiner that gives a bit of SETTING and character(s) to start a STORY, which the student must finish.

Used to describe the MACROSTRUCTURE  of fictional stories and sometimes PERSONAL NARRATIVES; describes eight levels ranging from isolated description to complex and embedded EPISODES.

a phrase that functions as the subject of the verb of a sentence

a person, thing or idea expressed as as single noun, pronoun, or noun, phrase described in a sentence.

group of words consisting of at least a noun and a verb, that cannot stand alone because it is introduced by a subordinating conjunction or a relative pronoun

The number of independent and dependent clauses divided by the number of CUs or T-units in a sample; also referred to as MEAN CLAUSE PER CU or  MEAN CLAUSE PER T-unit.

study of language forms

Oral and written units of langauge, larger than a sentence, that have a common theme and show cohesive patterns

Refers to using a specified length of time to determine length of DISCOURSE sampling rather than a specified number of utternaces.

aspect of conversation that holds conversation together; a topic may be viewed as old or new etc

A MINIMAL TERMINABLE UNIT consisting of one INDEPENDENT clause with all SUBORDINATE clauses attached to it; used for segmenting written samples by some (Hunt).

a measure of vocabulary diversity obtained by dividing the number of different words in a sample of 50 utteraces by the total number of words.

uncontractible form of main verb be

uncontractible form of verb be

an infinitive clause in which the to is not stated but is implied from the sentence structure (usually introduced by let, help, watch, make, need, see, hear, or feel)

word that depicts action or state of being

a relational word that is associated with a verb

verb + any additional words or phrases that are needed to complete the verb

(see also MAZE.) An interruption of fluent speech including fillers, MAZES, SELF-CORRECTIONS, personal qualifieers, unrelated questions or comments, and ABANDONED UTTERANCES.

a subordinate clause that is introduced by a wh- word and provides adjectval information

an infinitive that is introduced by a wh- word, therefore subordinated to the main verb

a question form that requires a ues or no response.