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Nomothetic
identifying the general laws that govern the behavior of all people
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Idiographic
identifying the unique configuration of characteristics and life history of individuals
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Psychic Determinism
all psychological events have a cause
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Id
primitive impulses, entirely unconscious
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Pleasure Principle
strive for immediate gratification
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psyche's decision maker, mediates between id and superego
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Superego
sense of morality
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Repression
motivated forgetting of emotionally threatening memories/impulses
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Denial
motivated forgetting of distressing external experiences
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Regression
returning psychologically to a younger, simpler, safer age
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Reaction-Formation
transforming an anxiety provoking emotion to opposite
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Projection
unconscious attribution of our negative characteristics to others
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Displacement
directing an impulse from a socially unacceptable target onto a soafer more socially acceptable target
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Rationalization
providing reasonable explanations for unreasonable behavious
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Intellectualization
avoiding emotions by focusing on impersonal thoughts
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Identification with agressor
adopting characteristics of threatening people
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Sublimation
transforming socially unacceptable impulse into admired goal
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Oedipus Complex
boys love mothers and want to eliminate rival fathers
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Electra Complex
girls develop penis envy, love fathers and want to eliminate rival mothers
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Style of Life
each person's way of achieving superiority
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Inferiority Complex
low self-esteem that leads to overcompensation
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Collective Unconscious
shared memories that ancestors passed down
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Archetypes
cross culture emotional symbols
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Determinism
all our behaviors are products of pre existing causal influesces
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Reciprocal Determinism
mutual influence of personality and cognitive factors, behavior and environment
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Locus of Control
extent to which people believe that reinforcers and punishers lie inside or outside of their control
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Self Actualization
drive to develop innate potential to the fullest possible extent
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Incongruence
inconsistency between personality and innate disposition
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Peak Experiences
transcendent moments of intense excitement and tranquility marked by a profound sense of connection to the world
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Factor Analysis
analyzes correlations of responses on personality inventories
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Lexical Approach
most crucial aspects of personality are embedded in language
Five Factors
- 1. Openness to experience
- 2. Conscientiousness
- 3. Extraversion
- 4. Agreeableness
- 5. Neuroticism
- OCEAN!!!!
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Mesomorphs
assertive and bold
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Ectomorphs
introverted and intellectual
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Endomorphs
relaxed and sociable
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Structured Personality Tests
paper and pencil tests consisting of questions that respondents answer in one of a few fixed ways
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Empirical Method of Test Construct
begin with two or more criterion groups and examine which items best distinguish them
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Low Face Validity
extent to which respondents can tell what items are measuring
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Rational/theoretical Method of Test Construction
start with clear concept of a trait and write items to assess that concptualization
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Projective Tests
consist of ambiguous stimuli that examinees must interpret
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P.T. Barnum Effect
tendency to accept high rate descriptions as specific and sccurate
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