gross anatomy exam 5

1. Supports and protects the abdominal viscera

2. Compress the abdomen viscera to increase intraabdominal pressure for: coughing, burping, yelling, & forced expiration

3. Produces the force required for: defecation, urination, vomiting, & childbirth

4. Movement of the trunk: flexing, twisting, lateral bending

5. Maintain Posture

outer layer fascia

inner membraneous fascia

1. External Abdominal Oblique Muscle

2. Internal Abdominal Oblique Muscle

3. Transverse Abdominal Muscle

is enclosed by the rectus sheath

** formed by the aponeuroses of the 3 flat abdominal muscles!

Anteriorly as an Aponeurosis.

T7-T11

T12

terminal branches of L1

T7-T9

T10

T11-L1

long thoracic nerve

runs OUTSIDE of the muscle

tendinous median line found in between the rectus abdominis muscle

1. musculophrenic artery

2.anterior intercostal artery

3. inferior epigastric artery

-pasageway through the inferior abdominal wall

-area between the anterior superior iliac spine and public tubercle

-region where structues exit and enter the abdominal cavity

-clinically significant: potential site for inguinal hernias

- oblique tunnel through aponeuroses

-of abdominal muscles

• -main occupant is SPERMATIC CORD IN MALES
• & ROUND LIGAMENT IN FEMALES

proturison of PERITONEUM & VISCERA through a normal or abnormal opening in the abdominal cavity

• 1. Skin
• 2. Superficial Fascia
•      - Camper's fascia= fatty later
•      - Scarpa's fascia= membranous layer
• 3.External Oblique
• 4. Internal Oblique
• 5. Transversus
• 6. Fascia Transversalis
• 7. Extraperitoneal Fatty Tissue
• 8. Peritoneum 

= lines or covers the viscera

=lines the cavity

=potential space between the viscera and parietal peritoneum

• -Omentum
• -Mesentery
• -Ligaments

-inflammation of the peritoneum, cause adhesions

fluid accumulation in peritoneal cavity

-surgical puncture of peritoneal cavity drainage of fluid

connects stomach to adjacent viscera

comvey blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves

connects abdominal wall to organ or organ to organ

potential spae between parietal and visceral perioteum

male= CLOSED CAVITY

• female= OPEN CAVITY by uterine tubes, uterine cavity and vagina
• **potential area for infection

almost completely covered by peritoneum (stomach)

covered by periotoneum on the anterior surface (kidney)

-double layer of peritoneum that connects THE GREATER CURVUTURE OF THE STOMACH to the TRANSVERSE COLON

double layer of perioteum that CONNECTS THE LESSSER CURVUTURE OF THE STOMACH and DUODENUM to the LIVER

double layer of perioteum that conveys vessels, nerves, and lymphatics

-fill the esophagus, stomach, & small intestines with barium to visualize the anatomy

**reveals ulcers, tumors, hiatal hernia, scarring, blockage, and abnormalities in the muscular wall

-fill the large intestine (colon) and rectum using a barium enema to visualize the anatomy

**Reveal= Diverticuli

inflammation or rupturing of the outpouches

• -3 unpaired vesslels
• -branch off the aorta

• 1. Celiac artery
• 2. Superior mesenteric artery
• 3.Inferior mesenteric artery

celiac artery

superior mesenteric artery

inferior mesenteric artery

• -stomach
• -duodenum (primal)
• -liver
• -gallbladder
• -spleen
• -part of pancreas

• -remainder of duodenu and pancreas
• -jejunum
• -ileum
• -cecum
• -appendix
• -ascending colon
• -2/3 transverse colon

• -1/3 of transverse colon
• -descending and sigmoid colons
• -rectim
• -upper 1/2 anal canal

• 1. Left Gastric
• 2. Splenic
• 3. Common hepatic
• 4. Hepatic proper
• 5. Right gastric
• 6. Gastroduodenal

• 1. Intestinal
• 2. Illeocoloic
• 3.Right colic
• 4. Middle colic 

• 1. Left colic
• 2. Sigmoid
• 3. Superior rectal

-most common in the posteiror wall of the 1st part of the duodenum

-preforate the duodenal wall permitting contents to enter periotoneal cavity and cause PERIONITIS

Gastroduodenal Artery

**because damge to grastroduodenal artery puts blood into this cavity

drains GI tract into the liver

• -main channel of the portal venous system
• -collects poorly O2 & nutrient rich blood 

GI

-where portal venous system communicated with systemic venous system

Gastric----Esophageal

Portal Vein (drains GI tract) to Hepatic Vein (drains into systemic circulation)

-makes blood flow in opposite direction beacause NO VALVES!!

Portal Hypertension

**blood flow from portal to systemic sites of Anastomoses become ENGORGED

VERY VERY DANGEROUS IF THEY RUPTURE

named according to vessels or locations

along the artieries or organs

• 1. celiac artery
• 2.common hepatic artery
• 3. gastroduodenal artery

IN OPPOSITE DIRECTION

• -gastrodeunal nodes
• -common hepatic nodes
• -celiac nodes
• -preaortic nodes
• -thorasic duct

THORACIC DUCT

• 1. urinary bladder
• 2. ureters
• 3. rectum
• 4. reproductive organs
• 5. nerves, blood, and lymph vessels

"Levatorani"

(pubococcygeus muscle & illiococcugeus muscle)

defocate

can contract to release last couple drops of semen/urine

-in females it acts as a SUPPORTING MUSCLE

if it tears it can cause long term fecal content (something happens)

accessory glands

epididymis

• 1. shaft
• 2. glans penis
• 3. prepuce (aka foreskin)

sac that contains testes

• -Scrotum
• -Penis (and its 3 parts)

• -seminal vesicles
• -prostate gland
• -bulborethral gland (aka Cowper's gland)

• -testis
• -epidydimis
• -ductus defrens (aka vas deferens)
• -urethra

the Ductus Deferens

when its curly its the: epididymis

-seminferous tubules

• -starts at proximal end of epididymis
• -passes through the inguinal canal
• -enters the pelvic cavity
• -arches over urinary bladder
• -ends in ejaculatory duct

• -blood vessels
• -nerves
• -cremaster muscle

Peristalis

testes

testis moves closer toward deep inguinal ring

-this the last month of gestation, the testis descend through the inguinal canal

• 1. prostatic
• 2. membranous
• 3. spongy/penile

• 1. prevent urine from entering urethra
• 2. prevent sperm from entering bladder

• -paired
• -duct join ductus deferens to form ejaculatory duct

• -surrounds prostatic urethra
• -several ducts into urethra
• -located anterior to rectum

• - pea sized
• -inferior to prostate gland

Bulbourethral glands

1. corpus cavernosum (paired)

2. corupus spongiosum (surrounds urethra)

spermatogenesis

temperature regulation of tests for sperm production assisted by CREMASTER MUSCLE

method of birth control in males, prevents sperm from traveling out

it is still inside the inguinal canal & body wall because they don't descend

Medulla= contains blood supply

• cortex= where everything occurs!!
• -Follicles

vesicular aka Graafian or ovulatory 

-bleeding from cells that are left behind

-progesterone secreting structure that lasts until pregnanacy occurs

Corpus albicans

tunica albuginea (just like the testes)

Corpus Luteum

• -partially surround the ovary
• -"wave like" currents

ampulla

• -not attached to ovary
• -Fimbriae
• _infundibulum
• -ampulla: usual site of fertilization

near entrance of uterine tubes

between urinary bladder & rectum

outlet protruding into vagina

1. perimetrium (outermost layer)

2. myometrium (middle muscular layer, most of uterus is this)

3. endometrium (proliferated layer)

Endometrium

site of implantation= endometrium

site of fertilization= ampulla

• - 8-10 cm long
• -musculomembranous tube
• -extends from cervix to exterior of body (vestibule)
• -hymen= membrane over vaginal opening

- comes off int. iliac aa & crosses over the ureter

"water under the bridge"

-occurs bc uterine tube is open into pelvis and bacteria can travel inside and settle in pelvic cavity

uterus can fall through vaginal opening

can occur within the uterine tube, implantation occurs on endometrial wall instead of inside 

when you inject dye inside uterus to look for blockages inside uterine tube

make room for the growing fetus

• 1. frequent urination
• 2. back or leg discomfort/pain if lying on back
• 3. "waddle" when walk (late term)

descending arota will put pressure on veins & vesseks & caN DEPRESS AA'S THAT ARE SUPPLYING FETUS IF YOU recline back too far

• -abdominal organs displaced (superiorly)
• -bladder compressed; stress incontinence
• -lumbar curvuture increased

• -bean shaped
• -along posterior abdominal wall, between vertebral leverls T12 & L3
• -surround by ADIPOSE CAPSULE
• -right kidney slightly lower than left

-it is lower because of the liver

protects the kidney from moving around, cushions it if hit

SUPERIOR SURFACE

*** NOT PART OF URINARY SYSTEM

-no lobar or segmental veins

smooth muscle

peristalis

prevents retrograde flow of urine

• -from renal hilus
• -to posterior aspect of bladder

-lined with TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM

- volume about 500 ml when moderately full

-wall contains 3 laters smooth muscle

3 opening of urinary bladder

• -2 ureters
• -1 urethra

• -thin walled tube
• -urine carried by peristalis
• -2sphincters: internal urethral sphincter & external urethral sphincter

• -bladder to urethra junction
• -smooth muscle
• -involuntary control

• -at passage of urethra through pelvic floor
• -skeletal muscle
• -voluntary control

membranous region

• Male=
• relatively long about 20cm
• opens at tip of penis
• 3 named regions: prostatic, membranous, spongy

• Female=
• relatively short 3-4 cm long (women more susceptible to UTIS due to short distance)
• external orifice anterior to vaginal opening

• 1. Stretch receptors in bladder activated
• 2. Nerve impulsed sent via splahnic nerves
• 3. Bladder contracts (reflex)
• 4. Internal urethral sphincter relaxes (opens)
• 5. Urine flow into urethra stimulates urge to void
• 6. External urethral sphincter relaxes to void (voluntary control)

=kidney stones

most common narrowest part and most painful when going through the ureter

• <2yrs old, normal development of voluntary control
• older children sleep too deeply to sense stimulus to void ("bed wetters")

• -post operarively following general anesthesis
• -prostatic hyperplasia