Final

This begins at the foramen magnum and its solid end terminats at the L1 and L2

The function of this is to provide a two way communication to and from the brain and contains spinal reflexes

the CFS is located in the ventrical and where else.

The spinal cord terminates where?

This is a fibrous extension of the conus covered with pia mater and it extends to the coccyx

How many spinal nerves are there and where are they located at?

This is a collection of nerve roots at the inferior end of the vertebral canal. Start above/end the spinal cord.

This connects the masses of gray matter, and encloses the central canal.

The part of the spinal cord that recieves interneurons that receive somatic and visceral sensory imput.

The part of the spinal cord that have some interneurons, somatic motro neurons, axons exit cord via the ventral roots.

This part of the spinal cord is only in the thoracic and superior lumbar regions. It houses the sympathetic neurons

sensory imput area to the spinal cord

the cell bodies of sensory neurons are located in this part of the spinal cord

what matter runs in three directions in the spinal cord. what are they?

Ascending pathways consist of three types of neuron what are they?

this neuron conducts impulses from the cutaneous receptors and proprioceptors

this neuron synapses with a second order neuron

this is also called an interneuron

this neurons cell body is in forsal horn of spinal cord or medullary nuclei and the axonsextend to the thalamus or cerebellum

this neuron cell body is in the thalamus and the axon extends to the somatosensory cortex

is there a third order neuron in the cerebellum

what are the three main accending pathways

where does the spinal cerebellar tracts terminate?

Transmit input to somatosensorty cortex for discriminative touch and vibrations. It is also composed of paired fasciculus cuneatus and fasciculus gracilis in spinal cord and medial lemniscus in brain (medulla to thalamus)

transmit pain, temperatur, coarse touch, and pressure impulses with in lateral_____ tracts.

has ventral and dorsal tracts
convey information about muscle or tendon stretch to cerevellum - used to coordinate muscle activity

emotional or affectiv brain

this recognizes angry or fearful facial expressions, assesses danger, and elicits fear response. The army spends million to train not to use this.

this role is in expressing emotions via gestures and resolves mental conflict.

this puts emotional responses to odars - skunks smell bad

which limbic system plays a role in memory

if this part of the brain is injured it severly/ this prevents unconcess

EEG?

this records electrical activity that accompanies brain function

loss of consciousness is a signal that brain function is impaired.
what are the forms of loss of consciousness?

This is an abrupt laspse into sleep from awake state.

narcolepsy can also have sudden loss of voluntary muscle control which is called

This is the chronic inability to obtain amount or quality of sleep needed

this is the temporary cessation of breathing during sleep. causes hypoxia which is

this may be treated by blocking orexin action

these two areas are associated with language what are they and were are they

this working memory - temporary holding of information limited to seven or eight pieces of information

this memory has limitless capacity

What are the factors affecting the transfer of stm to ltm

This type of memory stores explicit information
related to conscious thoughts and language ability
stored in ltm with context in whic learned

this type of memory is from less conscious or unconscious
aquired through experience and repetition
best remembered by doing - hard to unlearn
includes procedural skill memory, motor memory and emotional memory

Procedural memory is located where?

Motor memory is located where?

Emotional memory is located where

what are the four things that protect the brain

This covers and protects CNS
protects blood vessels and enclose venous sinuses
contains CSF
form partitions in skull

what are the three layers of meninges

what is meningitis

This is the strongest meninx. It has two layers of fibrous connective tissue aroung brain separate to fomr dural venous sinuses

if a blood vessel breaks in the brain where is the most harmful place

the middle layer of meninges is

this layer of meninges is with weblike extensions

this is the space that contains csf and the largest blood vessels in the brain

this is a delicate vascularized connective tissue that clings tightly to the brain

this is a water solution formed form blood plasma

alway remember DAP when going inward on the meninges

this gives buoyancy to cns structures and reduces the weight of the brain by 97% and protect the cns from blows and other trauma

this hangs from the roof of each ventricle and produces csf at a constant rate

this obstucion block csf circulation or drainage. It is trated by daining the ventricular shunt to abdominal cavity

this helps maintain stabe environment for brain and separates neurons form some blood borne substances

this is a selective barrier
allows nutrients to move by facilitated diffusion
metabolic wastes, proteins, toxins, most drugs, small nonessential amino acid, k denied
allos any fat-salube substances to pass including alcohol, nicotine and anesthetic
absent in some areas, eg vomiting center and hypothalamus where necessary to monitor chemical compositon of blood

brain injuries - themporary alteration in function

this is permenet brain damage

may force brain stem through foramen magnum, resulting in death

swelling of brain associated with traumatic head injury

tissue is deprived of blood supply, brain tissue dies eg blockage of cerebral artery by blood clot

paralysis on one side or sensory and speech deficits

temporary episodes of reversible cerebral ichemia

TPA is only approved treatment for stroke

a progressive degenerative disease of brain that results in dementia

This is symptom of this disease
memory loss, short attention span, disorientation, eventual language loss, irritable, moody, confused hallucinations

this disease is the degeneration of dopamine - releasing neuron of substantia nigra
basal nuclei deprived of dopamin and become overactive - tremors at rest
cause is unknown - mitochondrial abnormalities or protein degradation pathways

this is a fatal hereditary disorder caused by the accumulation of protein huntingtin - leads to degeneration of basal nuclei and cerebral cortex
symptoms are wild jerky and flapping
later marked mental deterioration