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Holy Roman Empire
- a. Holy Roman Empire failed to develop strong monarchy
- b. After 1438, position of holy Roman Emperor in hands of Habsburg dynasty
- i. Gradually acquired number of possessions (Austria), house of Habsburg one of wealthiest
- c. Success due not to military but policy of dynastic marriages
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Marriage
- a. By marrying his son to Maximilian to Mary, the daughter of Duke Charles the Bold of Burgundy, Emperor Frederic III gained Frache-Comte in east-central France, Luxembourg, and Low Countries
- i. Addition of these made dynasty international power and brought opposition of French monarchy due to fear of being surrounded
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Maximilian I
- i. Through Reichstag: imperial diet or parliament, he attempted to centralize administration by creating institutions common to entire empire
- 1. Opposition thwarted efforsts
- ii. Only real success in marriage alliances
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Philip of Burgundy
- a. Philip of burgundy: son of Maximilian and Mary, married Joanna, daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella
- i. They produced Charles, who, through unexpected deaths, became heir to all three lines: Habsburg, Burgundian, and Spanish, making him leading monarch
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The Struggle for Strong Monarchy in Eastern Europe
Eastern Europe
- a. rulers struggled to achieve centralization of territorial states but faced obstacles
- b. Population mostly Slavic, but islands of other ethnicities led to trouble
- i. Religious differences too
- 1. Catholic, Greek Orthodox Christians, pagans
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Polish history
- i. end of 15th c., when preoccupation of Poland’s rulers with problems in Bohemia and Hungary, as well as war with Russians and Turks, enabled aristocrats to reestablish power
- 1. Through control of Sejm, or national diet, the magnates reduced peasantry to serfdom by 1511 and established right to elect their kings
- a. Polish kings unable to esetablihs strong royal authority
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Bohemia
- i. Distrust of germans and ties to Poles and Slovaks (ethni) encouraged Czechs of Bohemia to associate with northeastern Slavic neighbors
- 1. Hussite Wars: further dissension and civil war
- a. Because of weak monarchy, Bohmeian nobles increased authority and wealth at the expense of both crown and church
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Hungary
- i. History Closely tied to that c. and w. Europe by conversion to Roman Catholicism by German missionaries
- 1. Church: large and prosperous
- a. Wealthy bishops and territorial lords were powerful, independent, political figures
- ii. For a short time, Hungary was important European state, the dominant power in eastern Europe
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i. King Matthias Corvinus
- 1. Broke power of wealthy lords and created well-organized bureaucracy
- a. Like typical Renaissance prince, he patronized new humanist culture, brought Italian scholars and artists to his capital at Buda, and made his court one of most brilliant outside Italy
- i. After death, Hungary returned to weak rule, and the work of Corvinus was undone
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Russia
- i. 13th: under Mongols
- ii. Princes of Moscow rose to prominence by using relationship to Mongol khans to increase wealth and expand possessions
- iii. Ivan III
- 1. New Russian state (principality of Moscow) born
- a. Annexed other Russian principalities and took advantage of dissension among Mongols to throw off their yoke by 1480
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