State & local govt Final

the model of government as an entity that seeks to increase revenues beyond even what the public might demand.

Who bears the burden of paying taxes

the wealthier people pay a larger proportion of their total income to cover the tax than the less affluent pay of theirs

has the poor pay a larger proportion of their income than the wealthy do to cover the tax

those paid by people from other places (such as hotel taxes and taxes on natural resources like oil)

How stable or volatile revenues from the tax are in times of economic boom and bust

applies the same tax rate to everyone , regardless of their income levels

A pay increase that matches the rate of inflation. COLA's maintain a fixed level of purchasing power, not an increase in purchasing power

A tax on an item or behavior that is unpopular, or a tax on a product that the state seeks to reduce the consumption of.

Demand for something is said to be (blank) if it does not respond to changes in prices. If a tax raises the price of something that that has (blank) demand, such as basic foods, medical care, or things that people are addicted to, the tax may not reduce the consumption of the good.

a direct charge for use of a service, charged to the user of the service. examples are tuition and hospital charges

Rules that limit how much a state legislature may increase revenues or spending in an annual budget

A rule that requires more than a simple majority vote to approve a budget, for example, 60 percent or 2/3's majority

Grants from the federal government to states and cities that are for specific purposes defined by congress

fixed sum federal grants allocated by formula giving state and local governments broad leeway in designing and implementing designated programs

Created by congress in 1965, a joint federal and state financed public assistance program administered by the states that provides payments directly to health care providers for medical services rendered to means-tested-low-income individuals and families

a requirement that a states budget has revenues equal to spending. rules may apply to projected revenues and spending or to actual levels

The part of a states budget dedicated to paying for current operations, such as public services and public employee salaries.

The portion of state spending on infrastructure such as buildings, bridges, and roads. capital budgets may be exempt from balanced budget rules

Commission appointed or elected by a city or county to propose changes to city institutions that voters might accept or reject

Appointed administrators and public employees. civil service jobs are usually awarded based on merit exams and qualifications, rather than political connections

A style of politics where the people in control of government provide something of value in exchange for political support.

Form of city government in which an elected council acts as a legislature, with no mayor. an appointed, professional city manager, is hired to oversee executive functions. 

Concept about the nature of local government powers (or municipal corporations). States may be seen as having powers beyond those listed in the U.S. constitution, local government have only those powers explicitly granted to them by a state. cities, counties, school districts, and special districts are thus legal entities create by their states.

define the boundaries of local government autonomy, and result in less state control over local government affairs.

Emphasized executive power, broad suffrage for white males, the election of many public officials, laissez-faire economics, and patronage appointments for government employment

A term for local political party organizations that used patronage and clientele politics to control elections in many U.S. cities. 

Recommendations for how city political institutions should be arranged.

Favors and benefits that elected officials provide supporters.

The civil services reform act of 1883 which created a modern civil service for the federal government. this made it more difficult for politicians to place their supporters in federal government jobs

The 1890's during which time the (blank) political movement was influential, particularly in the west. (blanks) advocated greater popular democracy, government control of key industries, and a national income tax.

a party machine operative who worked to organize a city neighborhood on behalf of the party machine

one of the smallest geographic units in a town, city, or county. comprise several city blocks.

a period of political change and reform during the early decades of the 20th century. some (blank) hoped to reform politics by limiting the power of corporations and political parties.

a type of ballot that allows or requires voters to cast their votes for candidates of a single political party

Form of city government where an elected mayor holds many executive functions, including influence over budgeting, appointment of department heads, and veto powers. 

A machine that controlled new york city politics during the late 1800's

the sociologist Louis Wirth defined (blank) as a process where a city grows in size, density, and heterogeneity.

also known as district. elect their own representatitves to a city council

form of city government where a mayor has limited formal power.

A Community or Political jurisdiction entering a contract with another to provide services. Cities or unincorporated areas may contract with counties, other cities, or special districts for services such as fire, police, sanitation, and libraries

Savings that may be achieved in  the cost of production or service delivery by larger enterprises. Savings may be due to lower cost per unit of providing some services, or due to investment in expensive equipment that might be underutilized in a smaller setting.

Providing services or goods at a lower cost per unit of service or per unit of the good supplied

The power of the state and local governments to apporpriate private property, typical for a public purpose. Some states also delegate this power to private entities such as utility companies

Cities and Counties are (blank), as they typically provide a range of services and functions some provide much more than others

A coalition of people active in local politics, united by a preference for policies that encourage population growth in their community

Housing growth control fees set to be roughly proportional to the impact that new development creates

State laws define the process of municipal incorporation. this is required for a city or town to have greater autonomy from its county and state governments

Differences between communities in the social status and wealth of community residents

Regions of mostly contiguous population centers, as defined by the U.S. census bureau. a large area such as New York can include several metropolitan areas (northern new Jersey, Long Island and Connecticut) Consolidated into a larger metropolitan area. Smaller regions such as Pocatello Idaho may include cities and towns in a single county

Local government power to provide for the common health , safety, and welfare of the community. The broad exercise of such power can be seen in setting public health, building, and food safety codes, and preventing construction in flood zones

Several local jurisdictions can pool revenue from a tax source or from new development, and then distribute the revenue across all jurisdictions

Government actions that deny a property owner fair use of property without adequate compensation

Local governments that are established for limited purposes such as providing a single public service

A community separate and distinct from an established central city. suburbs can be incorporated cities or towns as well as unincoporated places

Areas Adjacent to existing development that is slated for future growth. Some state land use plans attempt to increase housing density within designated urban growth area boundaries before allowing development in outlying areas

A U.S. Supreme court decision from 1926 that established that local government police powers include zoning powers.

The power of local governments to regulate land use. A (blank) map divides a community into areas where specific types of land use are allowed (for example, residential, commercial, industrial, or agricultural). (Blank) ordinances provide detailed standards for allowable building designs, lot sizes, building heights, landscaping requirements, and yard size, and how far buildings must be set back from the road.

a government program guaranteeing a level of benefits to participating individuals or entities

The gap between wome and men who are caught in the cycle of poverty, which is caused by occupational segregation, poor wages, and lower pay than men, bearing the bulk of child care costs, and other structural conditions

An area-specific level of income and benefits needed for working individuals to subsist at a basic or decent level that takes into consideration cost of living factors

The provision of need-based public assistance and financial aid by government that is available only to individuals falling below a predetermined level of income or assets

Created by Congress in 1965, a federally financed social insurance healthcare program for people 65 or older and people of all ages with certain disabilities. 

The transfer or emulation of an idea, institution, or policy of one political jurisdiction by another

A means-tested program that provides aid-both cash and in kind services to the poor

a health system financed by one source-usually the federal government in which doctors and other private health care professionals  provide basic services to every person, with their fees paid by the government at a fixed rate

Rather than means tested, a government created program such as social security  that socializes risk by forcing the compulsory contributions of participants.

Technically known as the old age survivors and disability insurance program, a federal social insurance program created in 1935 providing economic assistance mainly to retired workers and their families

a social welfare program that provides monthly cash assistance to means tested poor families with children under the age of 18; it requires recipriants to participate in a work activity

The least priveleged social stratum, characterized by joblessness, social isolation, and impoverished and unsafe neighborhoods

a range of public assistance services provided by government to aid and protect the most vulnerable individuals in society; includes both social insurance and public assistance programs.

a social stratum comprised of individuals who are gainfully employed, but who earn too little to subsist, thereby relying on public assistance and charities to make ends meet

The gulf in performance and educational attainment between rich and poor and white and minority students

Mandated by the no child left behind act of 2002 it is a state wide accountability system requiring each state to ensure that every one of its schools and districts is meeting specified achievement goals

A public school that is operated by a school district but is freed from the administrative, staffing, and pedagogical constraints of traditional public schools and usually has a narrow mission

For profit companies hired to run some public schools

The education of children at home typically by parents but sometimes by tutors, rather than in a formal setting of public or private school

Expanded the role of the federal government in K-12 Public education. the law requires annual assessments of student performance, requiring that children and schools attain adequate yearly progress

A form of a special purpose local government that operates public schools, differing in autonomy, their geographic boundaries, taxing authority and policy recommendations are broadly set and limited by state officials

The use of public funds to cover the costs of private education, whereby financial aid in the form of a voucher is provided to parents to transfer their children from public schools to private schools

Online, personalized course instruction