exam 4

anterior lobe of the pituitary gland

• growth hormone
• adrenocorticotropic hormone
• thyroid-stimulating hormone
• follicle-stimulating hormone
• luteinizing hormone
• prolactin

posterior lobe of the pituitary gland

• antidiuretic hormone
• oxytocin

• insulin
• glucagon

parathyroid hormone

• calcitonin
• t3
• t4

• aldosterone
• cortisol

• norepinephrine
• epinephrine

• hypothalamic-releasing hormones
• hypothalamic-inhibiting hormones

• source - hypothalamus
• primary effect - stimuli to anterior pituitary to release specific hormones

• source - hypothalamus
• primary effect - decrease release of specific hormone by anterior pituitary

• source - pituitary - anterior lobe - adenohypophysis
• primary effect - stimulates protein synthesis

• source - pituitary - anterior lobe - adenohypophysis
• primary effect - stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete primarily cortisol

• source - pituitary - anterior lobe - adenohypophysis
• primary effect -stimulates thyroid gland

• source - pituitary - anterior lobe - adenohypophysis
• primary effect -
•      women - stimulates growth of ovarian follicles and estrogen  secretion
•      men - stimulates sperm production

• source - pituitary - anterior lobe - adenohypophysis
• primary effect -
•     women - stimulates maturation of ovum and ovulation
•     men - stimulates secretion of testosterone

• source - pituitary - anterior lobe - adenohypophysis
• primary effect -  stimulates breast milk production during lactation

• source - pituitary - posterior lobe - neurohypophysis
• primary effect - increases reabsorption of water in the kidney

• source - pituitary - posterior lobe - neurohypophysis
• primary effect - stimulates contraction of uterus after delivery, stimulates ejection of breast milk during lactation

• source - pancreas - beta cells of islets of Langerhans
• primary effect - transport of glucose and other substances into cells, lowers blood glucose level

• source - pancreas - alpha cells
• primary effect - glycongenolysis in liver, increases blood glucose level

• source - parathyroid gland
• primary effect - increases blood calcium level by stimulating bone demineralization and increasing absorption of calcium in the digestive tract and kidneys

• source - thyroid gland
• primary effect - decreases release of calcium from the bone to lower blood calcium level

• source - thyroid gland
• primary effect - increases metabolic rate in all cells

• source - adrenal cortex
• primary effect -  increases sodium and water reabsorption in the kidney

• source - adrenal cortex
• primary effect -anti-nflammatory and decreases immune response
• catabolic effect on tissues; stress response

increased urine production

• water diabetes
• large amounts of dilute urine
• caused by a defect in antidiuretic hormone production by the posterior pituitary

• sweet diabetes
• type I or insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
• type II or non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus

• 1.  insulin binds to insuln receptors on target cells
• 2.  signals transmitted from receptor to inside of the cell
• 3. glucose transport proteins move from inside of cell to the cell membrane
• 4.  glucose can now move into the cell by diffusion through transport proteins

• neurons
• exercising skeletal muscle

• involves autoimmune destruction of beta cells in the pancreas
• cannot make enough insulin

characterized by insulin resistance - cells do not respond normally to insulin

• polydipsia
• polyuria
• polyphagia
• weight loss (type I)
• fatigue

because of elevated blood sugar levels, water is osmotically attracted from body cells, resulting in intracellular dehydration and stimulation of thrist in the hypothalamus

hyperglycemia acts as an osmotic diuretic;  the amount of glucose filtered by the glomeruli of the kidneys exceeds that which can be reabsorped by te renal tubules;  glucosuria results, accompanied by large amounts of water lost in the urine

depletion of cellular stores of carbohydrates, fats, and protein result in cellular starvation and a corresponding increase in hunger

because of fluid loss in osmotic diuresis and the loss of body tissue as fats and proteins are used for energy due to the effcts of inulin deficiency

metabolic changes result in poor use of food products, contributing to lethargy and fatigue sleep loss from severe nocturia