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6 hormones released from the adenohypophysis
anterior lobe of the pituitary gland
- growth hormone
- adrenocorticotropic hormone
- thyroid-stimulating hormone
- follicle-stimulating hormone
- luteinizing hormone
- prolactin
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2 hormones released by the neurohypophysis
posterior lobe of the pituitary gland
- antidiuretic hormone
- oxytocin
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2 hormones released by the pancreas
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hormone released by the parathyroid gland
parathyroid hormone
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3 hormones released by thethyroid gland
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2 hormones released by the adrena cortex
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2 hormones released from the adrenal medulla
- norepinephrine
- epinephrine
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2 hormones released by the hypothalamus
- hypothalamic-releasing hormones
- hypothalamic-inhibiting hormones
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hypothalamic-releasing hormones
- source - hypothalamus
- primary effect - stimuli to anterior pituitary to release specific hormones
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hypothalamic-inhibiting hormones
- source - hypothalamus
- primary effect - decrease release of specific hormone by anterior pituitary
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growth hormone
- source - pituitary - anterior lobe - adenohypophysis
- primary effect - stimulates protein synthesis
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adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
- source - pituitary - anterior lobe - adenohypophysis
- primary effect - stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete primarily cortisol
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thyroid-stimulating hormone
- source - pituitary - anterior lobe - adenohypophysis
- primary effect -stimulates thyroid gland
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follicle-stimulating hormone
- source - pituitary - anterior lobe - adenohypophysis
- primary effect -
- women - stimulates growth of ovarian follicles and estrogen secretion
- men - stimulates sperm production
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luteinizing hormone
- source - pituitary - anterior lobe - adenohypophysis
- primary effect -
- women - stimulates maturation of ovum and ovulation
- men - stimulates secretion of testosterone
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prolactin
- source - pituitary - anterior lobe - adenohypophysis
- primary effect - stimulates breast milk production during lactation
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antidiuretic hormone
- source - pituitary - posterior lobe - neurohypophysis
- primary effect - increases reabsorption of water in the kidney
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oxytocin
- source - pituitary - posterior lobe - neurohypophysis
- primary effect - stimulates contraction of uterus after delivery, stimulates ejection of breast milk during lactation
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insulin
- source - pancreas - beta cells of islets of Langerhans
- primary effect - transport of glucose and other substances into cells, lowers blood glucose level
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glucagon
- source - pancreas - alpha cells
- primary effect - glycongenolysis in liver, increases blood glucose level
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parathyroid hormone
- source - parathyroid gland
- primary effect - increases blood calcium level by stimulating bone demineralization and increasing absorption of calcium in the digestive tract and kidneys
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calcitonin
- source - thyroid gland
- primary effect - decreases release of calcium from the bone to lower blood calcium level
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t4 and t3
- source - thyroid gland
- primary effect - increases metabolic rate in all cells
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aldosterone
- source - adrenal cortex
- primary effect - increases sodium and water reabsorption in the kidney
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cortisol
- source - adrenal cortex
- primary effect -anti-nflammatory and decreases immune response
- catabolic effect on tissues; stress response
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diabetes refers to
increased urine production
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diabetes insipidus
- water diabetes
- large amounts of dilute urine
- caused by a defect in antidiuretic hormone production by the posterior pituitary
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diabetes mellitus
- sweet diabetes
- type I or insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
- type II or non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
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how does isulin work
- 1. insulin binds to insuln receptors on target cells
- 2. signals transmitted from receptor to inside of the cell
- 3. glucose transport proteins move from inside of cell to the cell membrane
- 4. glucose can now move into the cell by diffusion through transport proteins
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types of cells that do not need insulin
- neurons
- exercising skeletal muscle
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Type I diabetes
- involves autoimmune destruction of beta cells in the pancreas
- cannot make enough insulin
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type II dabetes
characterized by insulin resistance - cells do not respond normally to insulin
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manifestations of diabetes
- polydipsia
- polyuria
- polyphagia
- weight loss (type I)
- fatigue
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rationale of polydipsia in diabetes
because of elevated blood sugar levels, water is osmotically attracted from body cells, resulting in intracellular dehydration and stimulation of thrist in the hypothalamus
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rationale of polyuria in diabetes
hyperglycemia acts as an osmotic diuretic; the amount of glucose filtered by the glomeruli of the kidneys exceeds that which can be reabsorped by te renal tubules; glucosuria results, accompanied by large amounts of water lost in the urine
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rationale of polyphagia in diabetes
depletion of cellular stores of carbohydrates, fats, and protein result in cellular starvation and a corresponding increase in hunger
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rationale of weight loss in diabetes
because of fluid loss in osmotic diuresis and the loss of body tissue as fats and proteins are used for energy due to the effcts of inulin deficiency
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rationale of fatigue in diabetes
metabolic changes result in poor use of food products, contributing to lethargy and fatigue sleep loss from severe nocturia
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