process in sexual reproduction in which male and female reproductive cells join to form a new cell
true-breeding
term used to describe organisms that produce offspring identical to themselves if allowed to self-pollinate
trait
specific characteristic that varies from one individual to another
hybrid
offspring of crosses btwn parents with different traits
gene
sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait
allele
one of a number of different forms of a gene
segregation
separation of alleles during gamete formation
gamete
specialized cell involved in sexual reproduction
probability
likelihood that a particular event will occur
Punnett square
diagram showing the gene combinations that might result from a genetic cross
homozygous
term used to refer to an organism that has two identical alleles for a particular trait
heterozygous
term used to refer to an organism that has two different alleles for the same trait
phenotype
physical characteristic of an organism
genotype
genetic makeup of an organism
independent assortment
independent segregation of genes during the formation of gametes
incomplete dominance
situation in which one allele is not completely dominant over another
codominance
situation in which both alleles of a gene contribute to the phenotype of the organism
multiple alleles
three or more of the same gene
polygenic trait
trait controlled by two or more genes
homologous
term used to refer to chromosomes that each have a corresponding chromosome from the opposite-sex parent
diploid
term used to refer to a cell that contains both sets of homologous chromosomes
haploid
term used to refer to a cell that contains only a single set of chromosomes and therefore only a single set of genes
meiosis
process by which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell
tetrad
structure containing four chromatids that forms during meiosis
crossing-over
process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during meiosis
gene map
diagram showing the relative locations of each known gene on a particular chromosome
dominant
a term used to refer to the allele that is exhibited for a particular trait; represented by capital letters
recessive
term used to refer to allele that is only exhibited for a particular trait if the dominant allele for the trait is not present; represented by lowercase letters