-
what is social clock?
-conforming
great variability?
- timeframe of major events
- -to social clock provides confidence
- these days in what those clocks should be
-
average age of events:
women tend to do what first?
-
dating relationships:
how do people find partners?
rarely?
more often?
- bars and personal ads
- social networks = friends, family and work
-
Dating relationships:
who do people seek out as partners?
look for similarities?
- same for hetero-and homosexual individuals
- age, education, ethnicity, religion
-
importance of various traits in mate selection?
- mutual attraction
- dependable character
- emotional stability
- pleasing disposition
-
Sexuality:
sexual partners throughout life:
rise in #
few people:
most have?
- of sexual partners in last 40 years
- less than 3% have more than 4 partners a year
- 1 partner with/in a given year
-
having multiple partners through adulthood is partly due to:
increase in?
getting married?
divorce?
- cohibition followed by breakup
- -married later
- -divorce and remarriage
-
Sternberg Theory:
Three componants of love?
- intimacy-emotional connection
- passion-physical and sexual attraction
- commitment- tied to person
-
Sternberg:
Triangular theory of love: 3 componants = 7 forms
liking =
romantic love=
companionate=
infatuation=
fatuous love=
empty love=
consummate love=
- intimacy
- passion and intimacy
- intimacy and commitment
- passion
- passion and commitment
- commitment
- intimacy, passion, commitment
-
the qualities that make up these different love follows ____, _____, _____
____ peaks early and fades?
______ and ______ steady incline, decline, stable
- intimacy, passion, commitment
- passion
- intimacy and commitment
-
Loneliness:
more likely for _____
most intense for?
- adolescents and young adults
- divorce & widow, single-non dating men, married women, shy, anxious people
-
Singlehood:
growing number of single people over ___
ex.
single men have?
married women report?
can be more ?
- 30 years old
- more women, lower SES men, african americans
- physical and mental health problems
- greater loneliness than single women
- more stressful for women as they approach menopause
-
Cohabitation: living together before marriage:
on ___
reasons?
before marriage in u.s and canada? other countries?
more cohabitation among ?
- rise
- preparing for marriage or avoiding it
- greater risk for divorce ; no effect
- liberal and drogunous (=feminine & masculine)
- less religious individuals
-
Cultural mate selection?
western?
eastern?
love, autonomy=self choice, emotional connection
dependability, parental approval, similar background
-
Marriage:
traditional?
egalitarian?
husband and wife partaking in traditional role/work
- responsibilities shared between partners
- -dont have expectations of certain roles
-
Parenthood:
decision to have children ________
___ to raise child?
martial satisfaction ?
marital satisfaction improved by?
- more difficult
- expensive
- declines after birth of child
- having children after 1st year of marriage
- greater father involvement
-
Divorce:
causes?
adjustments after divorce hardest in ?
- age of marriage- under 25 years
- divorced parents
- SES-conflict over finances
- partner behavior- drinking, drugs, cheating
first 1-2 years
-
Remarriage:
often ?
often also results in?
- within 4 years after divorce
- divorce
- -marry for practical reasons
- -same marital discord
- -coping mechanism
- *stepparent role adaption
-
Middle Adulthood:
children leave home what happens?
greater ?
often see increases in ?
- empty nest vs. liberating experience
- financial stability
- martial satisfaction and sibling relationships
-
Middle Age adults and Aging parents:
most older americans?
quality of relationship?
shift from?
balance care = sandwich generation =?
- live near one of their middle aged children
- related to earlier relationship quality
- parent-child to child-parent care
- raising own kids and caring for parents as well
-
Later Adulthood:
martial satisfaction?
divorce?
widowhood?
-men more?
-most?
- highest in late adulthood
- divorce is rare but very stressful
- very stressful, restructering of social ties
- men more likely to remarry
- most learn to cope
-
Later Adulthood:
ties to adult children?
most care?
ties to adult grandchildren?
transition?
- often want emotional support
- comes from older daughter
- grandchildren = important
- to more equals
-
Elderly Maltreatment:
forms?
often occurs to ?
perpetrators are often?
- physical abuse, physical neglect, physchological abuse, financial abuse
- those who are frail
- a relative or someone trusted for care
-
Erickson -Young Adulthood:
Intimacy vs. Isolation
need to?
to much intimacy?
to much independance?
who is this more of an issue for?
- balance of independence with closeness to another
- loss of self - to dependent
- loneliness
- women
-
Erickson -Mid. Adulthood:
Generativity vs. Stagnation:
generativity?
stagnation?
ways of being generative?
- concentration of giving to others - family, community, future generations
- putting oneself above welfare of others
- examples of being generative:
- -caring for younger family members
- -monitoring younger coworkers
- -volunteer work
- -political involvement
-
Midlife Crisis:
23% of people say?
Only 8% say that ?
For most there is ?
ex)
- are/have expereienced a midlife crisis
- this is related to aging
- a time in midlife about re-evaluating choices, not necessarily re-choosing
- buy sportscar, get a tattoo, change job, dye hair
-
Midlife crisis?
usually change is _____
usually not _____
crisis usually associated with ?
- gradual
- associated with great emotional stress
- "setting" on imposed identities earlier in life
- -foreclosure personalities
-
Self Understanding in Mid. Adulthood:
self concept is?
greater concentration on possible selves?
increases in ?
- quite stable in mid. adulthood
- idea of who they can become = what legacy is
- self acceptance
- autonomy - self choice
- enviromental mastery (social) - how interact with others
- stress management
-
Erikson: Late Adulthood:
Ego Intergrity vs. Ego Despair
ego intergrity?
ego despair?
what may cause ego despair?
fullfillment, few regrets
- dissastisfaction with how lived life
- -physical and cognitive decline
-
Pecks 3 Tasks of Ego Intergrity:
1. Ego differentation vs. work role preoccupation
2. body transcendence vs. body preoccupation
3. ego transcendence vs. ego preoccupation
1. self as whole person - many aspects of fulfillment
2. age gracefully- go with flow, others: newest body problem
- 3. legacy- made a difference, in world =satisfied
- dissatisfied -disgruntal
-
Reminiscence:
is ?
life review ?
found to ?
- talking about past events
- idea/things happened in lives
- increase happiness in late adulthood
- -bonding experience with others
-
Self Concept and Personality:
secure sense of ?
The grumpy old man myth?
religion and spirituality?
- who one is and greater self acceptance
- myth: usually agreeable, adaptable to changes, more giving
- plays larger role
-
Suicide in Adulthood:
difference in men and women?
attempts vs. completion?
correlation with age?
- men more likely to complete
- women more likely to be found
- age increase = more likely to attempt
-
Suicide in Late Adulthood:
39% of all suicides are?
peaks when?
much greater chance?
preventative factors?
hispanic?
- individuals over 50 years
- 75 years
- chance of completion
- family, friends, social isolation, religion, culture that respects older adults
- greater reverance for older adults
-
Older Adults and Larger World:
older adults become?
disengagement theory?
- become less engaged with others and community - why is disengament theory.....
- physical and cogntive decline
- mutual disengagment
- interact less
-
Cognitive Development:
Schiae's Theory: changes in the goals of thinking
acquisitive stage?
achieving stage?
responsibility stage?
executive stage?
reintegrative stage?
- gaining knowledge to function rest of life (child,teen)
- time people use base of knowledge (y.adulthood)
- using knowledge to care for things surronding you (m.ad)
- having impact on things (m.ad)
- moving from impact to thinking about what have done in life so far and processing it (l.adt)
-
Cogntive Development:
Other developments?
- pragmatic thought = social rules when using language to interact with others
- -more flexible
- -better able to handle contradictions
- expertise
- problem solving
- mental abilities improve to mid adult then decline
-
Cognitive Changes- Mid. Adult
increases in?
decreases in?
for many, middle age is?
however?
declines in?
- crystalized intelligence
- fluid intelligence
- mental abilities are at peak performance
- perceptual speed decreases
- mental abilities are reduced with "practice"
-
what is crystallized intelligence?
culturally based knowledge, language, and understanding of social conventions
-
what is fluid intelligence?
information processing abilities such as short term memory
-
Cognitive Changes- Mid. Adult
attention becomes?
memory:
declines in
less use of
more reliance on
Greater ?
- worse at multitasking
- worse at switching between tasks
- working memory
- memory strategies
- metacognitive strategies
problem solving
-
when does fluid intelligence decline?
when does crystallized intelligence decline?
what is selective optimization with compensation?
- early to mid adulthood
- late adulthood
- focus on things that can still do effectively
- -personally valued activities
- -compensate choose only what best at
-
Memory in Late Adulthood:
declines in?
two types of memory?
older adults have harder time with?
- recall but not as much decline in recognition
- explicit- facts, figures, dates
- implicit- unconsicous, how things feel w/o processing
- with explicit memory than with implicit memory
-
Memory Late Adulthood:
remote memory?
greatest recall for?
older adults have best recall for?
why is adolescence and early adulthood so memorable?
- very clear memory of large events in lives
- events that occured more recently
- events that occured between 10-30 years old than those that occured in mid. adulthood
- most major events
- numerous life changes
-
Language processing in Late Adulthood:
little change in?
there are declines in?
compensate for lack of detail?
- comprehension of spoken and written tests
- word retrievel
- slower responding
- in their language with "gist" and moral lessons
-
Wisdom:
expertise in?
we often assume that?
however, research says?
life experiences are?
- pragmatics of life
- age and wisdom go together
- does not support this proposition
- better predictors of wisdom than age
-
Maintaining Cognitive Functioning:
stimulating?
specific?
serious declines?
terminal decline?
- -leisure pursuits
- community participation
- -training programs
- lifelong learning
- -may not be normative
- -decline in cognitive abilities happens shortly before death
-
Mental Disabilities:
dementia?
two common types?
- any significant cognitive impairment
- -many different types
- -most are irreversible and incurable
- -involves deteoration
- alzheimers disease
- cerebrovascular dementia
-
Alzheimers Disease:
can last from ?
symptoms?
- few years to 20 years
- loss of memory of recent events
- loss of memory for earlier events
- changes in personality
- difficulties with body movements
- sleep problems
- speech difficulties
-
Alzheimers Disease:
two changes in the brain?
neurofibrillary tangles?
amyloid plaques?
the more distrbuted these problems are?
lower levels of ?
- neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid plaques
- twisted threads of neural fibers with in neurons
- protein deposits outside the neuron destroying surronding neurons
- throughout cerebral cortex, worse disease
- neurotransmitters
-
Two Types of Alzhiemers:
familial ?
components?
onset?
progression?
sporadic?
due to?
could also be?
- genetic componant
- onset occurs earlier
- more rapid progression
- dominant gene
- does not run in families
- due to mutation in genes
- could be other factors
-
Cerebrovascular Dementia: (stop of blood flow to brain)
due to?
linked to?
also linked to?
- serious of strokes leaving areas of dead brain cells
- high blood pressure, cardio disease, diabetes =lead to stroke
- smoking, alcohol use, low protein diet, obesity, stress
-
Choosing Career:
Ginzberg career choice theory?
fantasy period?
tenative period?
realistic period?
- fantasy, tenative, realistic period
- early childhood - singer, model, firefighter
- adolescence - teacher
- early adulthood
-
Influences on occupational goals:
choice of occupation is influenced by?
John Hollands six personality traits?
- personality
- realistic, intellectual, social, conventional, enterprising, artistic
-
Holland Theory: characteristics and occupation
realistic
intellectual
social
conventional
enterprising
artistic
- high physical strength - farming or trucking
- high in conceptual and theoretical thinking - math/science
- high verbal skills- involve working w/people - teaching
- high in following directions - bank teller
- high verbal abilities - sales, politics
- imaganitive - painting or writing
-
Vocational Development: Early Adulthood:
new jobs are?
many people?
often, with age, occupational aspirations ?
many must cope with being?
- rarely ideal as imagined
- switch jobs in their twenties
- make way for other goals - family, community
- being in a duel- earner marriages
-
what is a duel-earner marriage?
both parties are making money for living
-
Vocational Development: Gender Differences:
communal professions?
agentic professions?
communal jobs are often considered?
woman are still?
women still earn? (referred to as ?)
- caring for others
- individualistic -self focused
- lower status
- underrepresented in many professions and vice versa
- earn significantly less than men in same profession
- -referred to as wage gap
-
Vocational Development: Mid. and Late Adulthood:
Glass ceiling?
problem for who?
not based on?
- unspoken limit on career advancement of a category of women due to discrimination
- women and minorities
- any deficits in abilities
-
Why do people work:
extrinsic motivation?
intrinsic motivation?
individuals who have ?
- motivated by external self
- ex. money
- wanting to work because of who you are internally
- extrinsic orientation more likely to switch jobs many times
-
Vocational Development: Mid and Late Adulthood: Job satisfaction:
throughout adulthood there are?
burnout?
positive increases in job satisfaction
- overwelmed and tired of job
- become no longer motivated by job
-
Vocational Development: Mid. and Late Adulthood:
older people in the workforce:
stereotypes?
actuality?
- cant learn new skills
- slower
- resistant to supervision
- more self directed
- fewer abscences
- fewer accidents
-
Retirement:
average age?
however many in ?
planning is ?
financially income?
also planning for?
- 63
- mid adulthood
- key to successful retirement
- drops by 50%
- future activities: travel, volunteer, work
-
Retirement:
relatively easy?
often choose ?
greater interest in?
- adjustment with some but not many problems
- leisure pursuits that begin in earlier life
- politics-protect own generation and future generations
-
Housing arrangements: Older Adults:
own home optimal when?
problematic when?
better in ?
with extended families?
- in good health
- financial problems arise
- other countries where greater financial assistance is provided
- less common today
-
Housing arrangements:residential communities:
congregate housing?
life care communities?
nursing homes much less?
-greater need for?
- live in similar housing surronded by people their age
- housing with stepped up care when needed -ass. living
- independence and social contact
- -interaction with outside world
-
General Well being:
body is at its best when?
biological aging or senescence?
we see systmatic when?
- late teens and twenties
- natural decline in bodily functioning
- decline in well being but there is alot of individual variablilty
-
General Well being-cardiovascular and respitory:
declines begin in?
peak in speed?
peek in endurance?
however with what?
- early adulthood
- -rigidity of heart muscles
- -poorer lung capacity
- early mid 20's
- late 20's
- training - decline is gradual
-
General Well being-cardiovascular and respitory:
declines very gradual when?
in late adulthood:
heart pumps with?
circulation?
lung capacity?
- early and mid. adulthood
- less force
- slows
- may be reduced as much as half
-
General well being- bone mass:
bone mineral content ?
decline more for who?
for women, mineral absorption decreases when?
at extremes?
exercise and calcium supplements can?
- declines reducing bone density
- women
- after menopause due to lack of estrogen
- osteoporosis = bones thin and brittle
- reduce mineral loss
-
Vision:
mid. adulthood:
presbyopia?
corrected how
need greater?
glaucoma?
Late adulthood:
cataracts?
macular degeneration?
- cant see things close up
- -bifocals
- -light to see
- narrowing field of vision
- calcification on lens of eye = blurry
- parts if field of vision not beign able to process
- -optic nerve not make connection with eyeball
-
Hearing:
presbycusis?
lose hearing at highest register
-
Hearing loss:
begins around?
usually loss of hearing of?
also loss of ability to discriminate?
declines are greater for who? why?
- 25 years
- high frequencies
- complex tone patterns
- men than women
- why- engage in loud noise behaviors
- ex. hunting, concerts, enviromental factors
-
other senses:
see greatest decline in ?
sensitivity to taste and sense of smell is ?
gradual loss of sense of?
- other senses in late adulthood
- reduced around age 60
- touch particulary in fingertips
-
Illness:
decrease in immune system is ? beginning in?
what is an autoimmune response?
problems become more pronounced when?
two consequences of autoimmune response?
- gradual.... early adulthood
- immune system gets confused and attacks itself
- late adulthood
- rheumatic arthritis (attack cartiledge) and adult on set diabetes ( attack insulin)
-
Illness:
what is cancer?
2nd leading cause of?
60% fatal within 5 years of ?
risk factors of cancer?
- mass amounts of abnormal structures of cells
- death among adults
- diagnosis
- diet, smoking, exposure to sunlight, exposure to harmful chemicals and radiation
-
Illness:
what is arthritis?
affects who ?
what is generative joint disease? characterized by what?
what causes this?
most at risk?
- disease of the joints especially hips, knees, neck, hands and lower back
- half of all older adults
- stiff joints
- wearing out of cartiledge in joint
- -athletes
- -people in hard labor jobs
- -older adults
-
Sleep Patterns: In Late Adulthood:
shift toward earlier?
for men
-enlargement in ? - leads to frequent urination in the night
more cases of ? ____ and _____
what is sleep apnea?
what is restless legs?
older adults benefit from realizing what ?
- earlier bed times and earlier wake times
- prostate gland
- airway collapse, stop breathing, body wakes up you don't
- misfiring of neurons in legs
- that changes in sleep patterns are normative
-
Reproductive Ability:
increasingly adults are choosing to delay what?
however, women in mid 30's have a greater likelihood of?
for men, semen production does what?
- having children until 30's
- fertility problems
- declines after age 40
-
Reproductive Ability:
what is climacteric?
Women
-perimenopause is?
-menopause is?
often results in?
- process of declining reproductive ability
- 5-10 year change ending with menopause
- hormonal changes and periods becoming infrequent and eventually stopping
- hot flashes and moodiness
-
Reproductive Ability:
what is climacteric?
Men
- enlargement of ?
-fertility is also ?
- process of declining in reproductive ability
- prostate gland
- reduced but never dimishes
-
General Health:
what is secondary aging?
causes?
- decline in physical functioning that takes place due to...
- individual choices, behaviors, exposure to envorimental factors
-
Weight and Exercise:
weight increases during when?
muscle to fat:
shift that occurs primarly during?
for men - muslce to fat to where?
for women -muscle to fat to where?
Weight declines when?
- early and mid adulthood
- middle adulthood
- belly
- thighs, hips, butt, belly, breast
- late adulthood
-
The Body and Mind Connection:
what influences health and physical development throughout adulthood?
- genetics
- enviroment
- psychological factors
- behavior changes
-
Weight and Exercise:
22% of adults are ?
over 50% of adults are ?
why is there obesity?
- obese
- overweight
- people aren't eating less but doing less activity
-
Weight and Exercise:
obesity and age show what?
why is there a correlation?
what is basal metabolic rate?
- positive correlation
- less physically active, no change or greater calorie/fat intake, natural decline in basal metabolic rate
- how many calories needed for basic function
-
Benefits of exercise?
1.reduced ?
2. greater ?
3. lessened vulnerability to?
4. less risk for?
5. improved ?
6. can lead to greater ?
- fat
- muscle tone
- disease
- cancer
- mood
- cognitive skills
-
Body-Mind Connection: Hostility and Stress:
linked to poor ___ and _____
increases _____ ____ _____
also linked to negative ?
stress management becomes critical .. examples
what personality helps with stress?
- health and illness
- heart rate, blood pressure, stress hormones = cortisol
- life events
- problem centering coping, exercise, social support
- hardy-optimistic
-
Stress:
acute stress?
chronic stress?
differ on psychological response how?
- short term events that can cause stress - finals
- long term stressors with no clear end point - terminal illness
- body not built to be on high alert all the time -body will crash
-
Heart Disease:
in both men and women what is the number 1 cause of death?
who are more likely to suffer from heart disease?
risk increases with?
causes?
- heart disease
- men
- age
- genetics and lifestyle
- -smoking, diet, exercise, psychological factors
-
Alcohol:
abuse more prevelant among who?
for men, typically begins in?
for women, onset in ?
serious problem - 60% of users do what?
- men
- adolescence or early adulthood
- 20-30's
- relapse
-
Cigarettes:
Large decrease : 40% to 25% in last ?
however on the rise among? why?
almost always begins when?
quitting can lead to ?
those who use aids - gum or patches often?
- 40 years
- teens - rebel, easy access, personal fable
- before 21 years
- drastic health improvements
- relapse
-
Comprehending Death:
children rarely have to face ?
concepts mastered in elementary school?
death directly compared to previous generations
permanance, universality, nonfunctionality
-
Permance:
Universality:
nonfunctionality:
- permanent fixture - cant come back to life
- come to understand everyone dies
- the dead cant do things anymore
-
Adolescences and Death:
comprehend death but can do what?
also because of their what often see themselves as invincible?
therefore adolescents often take what?
- apply realities of their death
- personal fables
- life threatning risks
-
Death Anxiety:
what is it?
feel death anxiety the least when?
declines during?
who are more likely to have greater death anxiety?
- terror of unknown after death
- those who are certain there is life after death
- those who are certain there isnt life after death
- adulthood
- women
-
Kubler-Ross's stages of dying
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
theory has been highly what?
these are common emotions when what?
- denial
- anger
- bargaining
- depression
- acceptance
- highly critizied-cause its stages
- learning of major life changing events
-
Place to Die:
although most people would prefer to die at ? few do
where do most people die?
what is hospice care?
what does it do?
- home
- ER or intensive care units
- addressing the needs of individuals with less than 6 months left to live- end of life hospital care
- pallative care-relieve pain, takes place at home, provides medical, psychological, spiritual counseling, house keeping support
-
Euthanasia:
passive euthanasia?
advanced medical directive?
living will?
durable power of attorney?
- ceasing medical interventions that would prolong life
- instructions left by individual about end of life
- medical interventions wanted to live
- give legal power to individual about lifesaving like tx.
-
Euthanasia:
voluntary active euthanasia?
assisted suicide? (illegal)
- make efforts to end life early - stop eating
- another person aiding to die at faster rate
- - want to die but cant complete by self
-
Bereavement:
what does that mean?
more difficult for what kind of deaths
prolonged dying allows for what?
suicides and death without known causes can be ?
very difficult for who losing who?
children losing parent or sibling can have what?
- experience of losing a loved one
- unanticipated
- anticipatory grieving- what life will be like w/o them
- very troubling
- parent losing child
- very difficult time - may blame selfs
-
Stages of Bereavement: after death of loved one
1.
2.
3.
- avoidance
- confrontation
- accomodation
-
Stages of Bereavment:
avoidance?
confortation?
accomodation?
- occurs in beginning - other things taking up time - funeral
- come to point to have to deal with - usually anger happens
- make shifts in lives that the dead is no longer part of
-
Consequences of Bereavement:
widows are at heightened rish for death following the loss of who?
what gender struggles most?
people who suffer most as of bereavement?
-
-those who were highly?
-those with little what?
-those who find the death what?
what is blocked grief?
- spouse
- men
- insecure, anxious people
- dependent on loved one
- social support
- meaningless
stuck at avoidance stage of bereavement
-
Life expectancy higher for what gender?
developed countries usually outlive what other countries
-
Physical Stages of Death:
for most people death is not?
Agonal phase
clinical death
morality
gentle or easy
- point of suffering before death
- body stops functioning - still can do resusitation
- point of no return
-
Brain death?
what is persistant vegetative state?
difference between the two?
brain has stopped functioning for maintenance of body
- -severe brain damage
- -wakeful conscious
- -vegetative state more than 4 weeks
veg- breathing, damage to thinking part of brain
-
Major themes of semester?
2
genetics
enviroment
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