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What is a hormone?
A chemical signal secreted by an endocrine cell and carried by the circ. system.
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What is the difference between Endocrine, Autocrine, and Paracrine communication.
- endocrine: hormone secreted which moves to the blood stream
- autocrine: chemical secreted by cell, which stimulates itself
- paracrine: chemical secreted by a cell which stimulates another cell
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Copmare and contrast steroid, amine, and protein/peptide hormones.
- Steroid: made from cholesterol, are lipid-soluble, therefore can diffuse across cell membrane, e.g. estrogen
- Non-steroid: This includes both amine and protien/peptide hormones. Interact with receptors on the surface.
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What are the classic seven enodcrine glands?
- Thyroid gland
- Parathyroid gland
- Adrenal gland
- Pancreas
- Testes and Ovaries
- Andenohypophysis
- Neurohypophysis - (Neurocrine)
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What are the three responses a cell can have to more than one hormone acting on it at once?
- Synergism: hormones act to enhance eachother's influence
- Permissiveness: small amount of one hormone may allow a suboptimal concentration of a second hormone to have its full effect
- Antagonism: One hormone may oppose the effect of another hormone
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What are the general principles of hormone action?
- 1. Each hormone binds to a specific receptor (either on
- or in the target cell).
- 2. Hormones are amplitude-modulated chemical signals (i.e. increases or decreases in concentration).
- 3. Each target cell can respond to many different hormones (many different receptors).
- 4.Each hormone-receptor interaction gives rise to different cellular responses.
- 5. Cellular responses are usually slow to appear but are often long-lasting
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List three common cellular responses to hormones
- Insulin: glucose uptake
- Epinephrine: smooth muscle contraction
- Aldosterone: Na++ ion reabsorption
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What are the three types of hormone regulation?
- Chronic regulation: Relatively constant concentration over a long period of time (e.g. thyroid hormone)
- Acute regulation: Rapid, short increases in concentration in response to a stimulus (e.g. epinephrine)
- Cyclic regulation: cyclic increases and decreases in concentration (e.g. melatonin)
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List 4 ways that you can modulate hormone levels
- Regulation of secretion rate of hormones
- Transporting hormones in plasma
- Diffusion of hormones into target tissues
- Metabolism and excretion of hormones
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How does the body dispose of hormones?
- 1) excretion in kidneys and liver
- 2) Enzymatically degraded, then excreted or reused
- 3) Conjugate with water-soluble molecules, which decreases their half life.
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List the cranial nerves (II-XII) in the following diagram.
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What is the name and function of CN II?
Optic: vision
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What is the name and function of CN III?
Oculomotor nerve: most of the extrinsic eye muscles, eyelid lifter, smooth muscles in the eyeball
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What is the name and function of CN IV?
Trochlear: moves eye in and down
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What is the name and function of CN V?
Trigeminal: Sensory for most of face, chewing muscles
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What is the name and function of CN VI?
Abducens: abducs the eye
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What is the name and function of CN VII?
Facial: motor to face muscles, parasymp for lacrimation (crying), salivation, taste
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What is the name and function of CN VIII?
Vestibulocochlear: hearing and balance
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What is the name and function of CN IX?
Glossopharyngeal: motor innervation to one pharyngeal muscle, salivation, taste, visceral sensation from carotid bifurcation.
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What is the name and function of CN X?
Vagus: innervation of larynx and pharynx, parasym innervation of thoracic and abdominal viscera, taste and sensation from tongue, visceral sensation from aortic arch and thoracic and abdominal viscera
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What is the name and function of CN XI?
Spinal accessory: traps and sternocleidomastoid muscles
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What is the name and function of CN XII?
Hypoglossal: motor muscles to tongue
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Label the following: corpus callosum, central sulcus, lateral fissure, calcarine fissure, and sagittal fissure
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Name 4 types of glial cells
- astrocytes: CNS, feet are on the BBB in CNS, other functions
- oligodendrocytes: myelination in CNS
- microglia: phagocytic cells in CNS
- Schwann Cells: myelination in PNS
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