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Compare/Contrast
Sensation (Bottom Up Processing)
Perception (Top Down Processing)
- Sensation
- The Stimulation of Sense organs
- Bottom Up= Progression form INDIVIDUAL ELEMENTS to the WHOLE
- Info starts with sensory receptors and organs working to higher levels
- Perception
- The selection, organization and interpretation of sensory input
- Top Down Processing= Progression from the WHOLE to INDIVIDUAL ELEMENTS
- Experience/Expectations influence what we see
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How is stimulus intensity related to absolute thresholds and JNDs?
- Absolute Threshold= The minimum threshold needed for detection 50% of the time.
- JND= The smallest amount of difference that can be detected
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How is Weber's Law related to JND and how do these relate to psychophysics?
- Webers Law=States that the size of a just noticeable difference is a constant proportion of the size of the initial stimulus.
- Fechner's Law States that larger and larger increases in stimulus intensity are
- required to produce perceptible increments in the magnitude of sensation.
- Provides an explanation for Weber's Law
- JND= The smallest amount of difference that can be detected
- Psychophysics= Study of how physical energy translates to psychological experience (sensory)
- JND
- Intensity change=NOT NOTICEABLE DIFFERENCE
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What are the 4 Potential Outcomes related to signal detection theory?
- Signal Detection Theory= Predicts when we detect weak signals near a threshold level
- FOUR SIGNALS
- Hit- Correctly detected stimulus (answering a phone correctly)
- Miss- Stimulus occured, but was not detected (missed call)
- Correct rejection- No stimulus occured, and none reported (no phone action)
- False Alarm- No stimulus occured, but one was detected (Feeling phone vibrate, but nothing happened)
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Summarize the usage of Subliminal Messages & Discuss its practical implications
- Subliminal Perception- Stimuli below the absolute threshold....stimuli that are too weak/brief for us to notice
- Used to help remember things
- Used in Videos for advertisement/entertainment
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What is the significance of Sensory Adaptation?
- SENSORY ADJUSTMENT
- Sensory Adaptation- Stimulation that is repetitious or unchanged eventually disappears.
- EX: Adapting to a perfume used on a daily basis
- Habituation- Process of gradually adapting to stimuli that dont change.
- Our sensory systems are built to detect change
- Dishabituation- the reappearance of stimulation
- Sensory Deprivation- Absence of normal levels of sensory stimuli
- people cant take this for long periods of time, but they compensate after a few days
- EX: People talk to themselves in prison-->need stimulation of senses
- Sensory overload- Excessive stimulation can lead to fatigue and mental confusion
- (Cocktail Party Phenomena)
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Advantages/Disadvantages of Selective Attention and how does it play a role in daily life
- Selective Attention - Focusing of attention on selected aspects of the environment and the blocking out of others
- Sense receptors- Cells that convert physical energy into electrical energy that can be transmitted as nerve impulse to the brain
- Sense Organs-Parts of body that contain sense receptors
- (Sight/Retina)
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