Electrolyte Disorders

Weakness, lassitude, apathy, headache, orthostatic hypotension, tachycardia.

Tremulousness, irritability, ataxia, confusion, seizures, coma

Metabolic alkalosis, muscle spasm, coma (severe)

Minimal

Muscle weakness, paralysis, ECG abnormalities, supraventricular arrhythmias, circulatory failure, cardiac arrest

ECG changes, ventricular arrhythmias, cardiac arrest

Hyperactive tendon reflexes, muscle twitching, spasms, abdominal cramps, ECG changes, convulsions (rare)

Fatigue, depression, muscle weakness, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, constipation

Muscle weakness, irritability, tetany, ECG changes, arrhythmias, delirium, convulsions

ECG changes (along with Hyperkalemia, cardiac arrest, respiratory muscle paralysis)

Diaphragmatic weakness

Minimal

GI loss, sweating, fever, diuretics, ascites, congestive heart failure, kidney failure

Net sodium gain, net water loss, increased aldosterone, steriod therapy

GI loss, diuretics

Dehydration, metabolic acidosis, respiratory alkalosis

Diuretics, steroid therapy, renal tubular disease, vomiting, diarrhea, malnutrition, trauma

Chronic renal disease, hemorrhage, tissue necrosis, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, ACE inhibitors, cyclosporine, K-sparing diuretics

Hyperparathyroidism, pancreatitis, renal failure, trauma

Hyperthyroidism, Hyperparathyroidism, mestastatic bone cancer, sarcoidosis

Inadequate intake/inpaired absorption of MG++, pancreatitis, alcoholism

Dehydration, renal insufficiency, tissue trauma, lupus erythematosus

Starvation, malabsorption, hyperparathyroidism, hyperthyroidism, uncontrolled diabetes mellitus

Endocrine disorders, acromegaly, chronic renal insufficiency, acute renal failure, tissue trauma