Bmsc 200 Carbs

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Oligosaccharides

3 –20 monosaccharides
Polysaccharides

more than 20 monosaccharide residues
Glycoconjugates

Carbs linked to proteins or lipids
Aldoses
- Corbonyl is at the end of the molecule
Ketoses
- Carbonyl is in the middle of the sugar
D formation of Carbs
- Non 'H' groups make a "D" shape
L Formation of Carbs
- Non 'H' Groups make reverse "D" shape
Epimers

Two sugars that differ at only one of several chiral centers
D-Glyceraldehyde Structure
D-Ribose Structure
D-Glucose Structure
D-Galactose Structure
D-Fructose Structure
Dihydroxyacetone Structure
- No stereoisomers
Anomeric carbon
- -the Carbon that becomes Chiral through cyclation of a sugar
- -the carbon that is double bonded to oxygen in chain form
- -In aldos it is C₁
- -In Ketos it is C₂
Hemiacetal
- When an alcohol(c_n-1) attacks the anomeric carbon (c₁) in cyclation of an aldehyde resulting in a chiral carbon.
Hemiketal
- When alcohol(c_n-1) attacks the anomeric carbon(c₂) in cyclation of a Ketone resulting in a chiral carbon
Acetal
- When a hemiacetals hydroxyl group becomes protonated by an alcohol and is lost as water (when monosach's bond)
Ketal

When a hemiketals hydroxyl is protonated by an alcohol and lost as water (when monosach's bond)
Pyran Ring

Six-memberedsugar ring is a “pyranose”
Furan Ring

Five-membered sugar ring is a “furanose”
configuration of a carb
- Anomeric carbons hydroxyl is below
β Configuration of a carb
- Anomeric carbons hydroxyl is above
Hexose derivitive
- Hexoses with additional functional groups attached
- Hexose- six carbon monosaccharide
What does the reduction of a linear monosaccharides aldehyde to a carboxyl (by mild oxidizing agents like iron and copper) allow?

quantifications of sugars present in blood or urine
Glycosidic bond
- -primary structural linkage in all polymers of monosaccharides
- -O-glycosidic bonds through oxygen
- -N-glycosidic bonds through nitrogen
Reducing end of a monosaccaride

The end of the chain with a free anomeric carbon
Naming of disaccharides
- 1st sugar ends in syl
- 2nd sugar ends in ose
- pyranose if 6 carbon sugar
- furanose if 5 carbon sugar
- brackets in middle contain (carbon # of sugar 1carbon # of sugar 2)
Homopolysaccharides

polymers containing a single type of monosaccharide
Heteropolysaccharides
- -polymers containing more than one type of monosaccharide
starch
- -Energy storage Polysaccharide of Plants and fungi
- -mixture of amylose (unbranched) and amylopectin (branched)
glycogen
- -Energy storage Polysaccharide for animals
- -Found in liver and skeletal muscle
Amylose
- a linear polymer ofglucose residues through α(1-4) bonds
amylopectin
- •Consists mainly of α(1-4) linked glucose residues but with α(1-6) branch points every 24-30 residues
- •α(1-4) cut by amylase, α(1-6) branch points removed by debranching enzyme
Glycogen
- •Structurally identical to amylopectin with higher frequency of branch points (every 10 residues).
- •Mobilized in times of need by glycogen phosphorylase which sequential cleaves glucose residues from branch end points.
- •Greater frequency of branching allows for rapid mobilization.
Cellulose
- -Structural Polysaccharides
- -the primary component of plant cell walls (fiber).
- -Accounts for over half of the carbon in the biosphere
- •Linear arrangement of β(1-4) glycosidic residues.-cannot be cut by amylase
Chitin
- -Structural Polysaccharides
- -the primary structural component of the exoskeletons of insects and crustaceans
- -Repeating units of b-(1-4)GlcNAc residues
Proteoglycans
- -glycosaminoglycan-protein complexes
- -Function in extracellular space to form a gel-like matrix for lubrication and cushioning
Glycosaminoglycans function
- -negatively charged chains repel each other and attract water
- -when compressed water is pushed out slowly cushioning the compression
- -when water is gone negative charges are exposed and repel each other further resisting compression
Glycosaminoglycans structure
- -unbranched heteroglycans of repeating disaccharides (many sulfated hydroxyl and amino groups)
- -Disaccharide components include:
- (1) amino sugar (D-galactosamine or D-glucosamine),
- (2) an alduronic acid

Author

Scottygo

186173

Card Set

Bmsc 200 Carbs

Description

Bmsc 200 Carbs

Updated

2012-12-01T02:09:25Z

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