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Bmsc 200 Carbs
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Oligosaccharides
3 –20 monosaccharides
Polysaccharides
more than 20 monosaccharide residues
Glycoconjugates
Carbs linked to proteins or lipids
Aldoses
Corbonyl is at the end of the molecule
Ketoses
Carbonyl is in the middle of the sugar
D formation of Carbs
Non 'H' groups make a "D" shape
L Formation of Carbs
Non 'H' Groups make reverse "D" shape
Epimers
Two sugars that differ at only one of several chiral centers
D-Glyceraldehyde Structure
D-Ribose Structure
D-Glucose Structure
D-Galactose Structure
D-Fructose Structure
Dihydroxyacetone Structure
No stereoisomers
Anomeric carbon
-the Carbon that becomes Chiral through cyclation of a sugar
-the carbon that is double bonded to oxygen in chain form
-In aldos it is C
1
-In Ketos it is C
2
Hemiacetal
When an alcohol(c
n-1
) attacks the anomeric carbon (c
1
) in cyclation of an aldehyde resulting in a chiral carbon.
Hemiketal
When alcohol(c
n-1
) attacks the anomeric carbon(c
2
) in cyclation of a Ketone resulting in a chiral carbon
Acetal
When a hemiacetals hydroxyl group becomes protonated by an alcohol and is lost as water (when monosach's bond)
Ketal
When a hemiketals hydroxyl is protonated by an alcohol and lost as water (when monosach's bond)
Pyran Ring
Six-memberedsugar ring is a “pyranose”
Furan Ring
Five-membered sugar ring is a “furanose”
configuration of a carb
Anomeric carbons hydroxyl is below
β Configuration of a carb
Anomeric carbons hydroxyl is above
Hexose derivitive
Hexoses with additional functional groups attached
Hexose- six carbon monosaccharide
What does the reduction of a linear monosaccharides aldehyde to a carboxyl (by mild oxidizing agents like iron and copper) allow?
quantifications of sugars present in blood or urine
Glycosidic bond
-primary structural linkage in all polymers of monosaccharides
-O-glycosidic bonds through oxygen
-N-glycosidic bonds through nitrogen
Reducing end of a monosaccaride
The end of the chain with a free anomeric carbon
Naming of disaccharides
1st sugar ends in syl
2nd sugar ends in ose
pyranose if 6 carbon sugar
furanose if 5 carbon sugar
brackets in middle contain (carbon # of sugar 1
carbon # of sugar 2)
Homopolysaccharides
polymers containing a single type of monosaccharide
Heteropolysaccharides
-polymers containing more than one type of monosaccharide
starch
-Energy storage Polysaccharide of Plants and fungi
-mixture of amylose (unbranched) and amylopectin (branched)
glycogen
-Energy storage Polysaccharide for animals
-Found in liver and skeletal muscle
Amylose
a linear polymer ofglucose residues through α(1-4) bonds
amylopectin
•Consists mainly of α(1-4) linked glucose residues but with α(1-6) branch points every 24-30 residues
•α(1-4) cut by amylase, α(1-6) branch points removed by debranching enzyme
Glycogen
•Structurally identical to amylopectin with higher frequency of branch points (every 10 residues).
•Mobilized in times of need by glycogen phosphorylase which sequential cleaves glucose residues from branch end points.
•Greater frequency of branching allows for rapid mobilization.
Cellulose
-Structural Polysaccharides
-the primary component of plant cell walls (fiber).
-Accounts for over half of the carbon in the biosphere
•Linear arrangement of β(1-4) glycosidic residues.-cannot be cut by amylase
Chitin
-Structural Polysaccharides
-the primary structural component of the exoskeletons of insects and crustaceans
-Repeating units of b-(1-4)GlcNAc residues
Proteoglycans
-glycosaminoglycan-protein complexes
-Function in extracellular space to form a gel-like matrix for lubrication and cushioning
Glycosaminoglycans function
-negatively charged chains repel each other and attract water
-when compressed water is pushed out slowly cushioning the compression
-when water is gone negative charges are exposed and repel each other further resisting compression
Glycosaminoglycans structure
-unbranched heteroglycans of repeating disaccharides (many sulfated hydroxyl and amino groups)
-Disaccharide components include
:
(1) amino sugar (D-galactosamine or D-glucosamine),
(2) an alduronic acid
Author
Scottygo
ID
186173
Card Set
Bmsc 200 Carbs
Description
Bmsc 200 Carbs
Updated
2012-12-01T02:09:25Z
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