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SAME
- Sensory = Afferent
- Motor = Efferent
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Glial Cells
Nourish and support Neurons
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Central Nervous System
Brain and Spinal Cord
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Peripheral Nervous System
Somatic, Autonomic, Sympathetic, Parasympathetic
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Serotonin
Inhibitory- Emotional arousal, anxiety, sleep
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Endorphins
Inhibitory- pain control and perception
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Dopamine
Inhibitory- movement
- Too little can cause Parkinson's
- Too Much can cause Schizophrenia
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Acetylcholine
Inhibitory and Excitatory- memory
Relation with Alzheimers
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Norepinephrine
Excitatory- mood, sleep, learning
Associated with Depression
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Glutamate
Excitatory- Strengthens synaptic connections
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GABA
Inhibitory Neurotransmitter- sleep, anxiety
Associated with Huntington's disease and Epilepsy
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Neuroanatomy
Structure of the Brain
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Neurophysiology
Function of the brain
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Medulla
Part of Hindbrain- controls breathing, heart rate, blood pressure, etc.
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Pons
Part of Hindbrain- controls movement, attention, sleep, alertness, etc.
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Cerebellum
Part of Hindbrain- controls balance, muscle tone, coordination, helps with finely coordinated movements
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The Midbrain
Contains the Reticular Formation (also part of hindbrain) - attention and alertness
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Substantia Nigra
Part of the midbrain which controls the smooth initiation of movement (80-85% of Dopamine neurons are located here)
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Thalamus
Part of the Forebrain (Diencephalon) - relay station for sensory information
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Hypothalamus
Regulates body temperature, metabolism, hunger, thirst, sex drive, aggression, emotion, and more
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Suprachiasmatic Nuclei
24 hour biological clock - controls the release of melatonin (pineal gland)
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Limbic System
Controls emotions (amygdala), fear, memory (hippocampus)
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Cerebrum
The two hemispheres of the brain
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Convolutions
The brain's wrinkles (Gyri and Sulci)
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W. Penfield
Mapped out the motor and somatosensory cortex
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R. Sperry
Conducted research on split-brain patients
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Corpus Callosum
Connects the two hemispheres and allows them to communicate (this is severed in split-brain patients)
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Basal Ganglia
Located in front of the thalamus- controls postural movements and coordination
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Association Cortex
Areas not involved with recieving information or initiating movement but with complex cognitive tasks such as associating words with images
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ESB
Electrical stimulation of the brain (Penfield and Delgado)
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EEG
Electroencephalogram
Measures brain's electrical activity
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CAT
Computerized Axial Tomography
A series of x-rays that will produce a 3D image (can locate a tumor)
Approx cost: $600
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PET
Positron Emission Tomography
Reads radioactively "tagged" glucose and shows brain activity - allows biochemical and functional studies (will show what a tumor is doing)
Approx. Cost: $2500
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MRI
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Detects magnetic fields that surround the atoms in the brain tissue by using radio waves to read fields (hydrocarbons). Shows greater anatomical detail.
Approx. Cost: $1500
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fMRI
Functional MRI
Detects changes in blood flow to reflect neuron activity
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TMS
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
Exposure to magnetic fields disrupts brain activity
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Pituitary Gland
"The Master Gland": Growth and sexual development
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Thyroid
Controls Thyroxin
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Parathyroid
Controls release of Calcium into the bloodstream
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Adrenal
Releases adrenaline and cortisol (fight or flight), noradrenaline, and androgens
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Pancreas
Insulin and Glucagon - Isles of Langerhans
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Ovaries
Progesterone and Estrogen
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Autonomic Nervous System
Controls vital functions such as heartbeat, breathing, digestion, and blood pressure
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Somatic Nervous System
Controls voluntary movement of skeletal muscles and allows us to experience body sensations
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Action Potential
Electrical Impulses between neurons
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Neuron Firing Sequence
Dendrite -> Cell Body -> Axon -> Axon Terminal
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Axon Terminals
Produce and store Neurotransmitters
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Frontal Lobe
Controls personality, problem solving, decision making, morality, and an individual's value system
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Parietal Lobe
Controls body sensations
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Occipital Lobe
Controls visual processing, and contains the primary visual cortex
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Temporal Lobe
Controls auditory processing and language
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Motor Cortex
Controls movement
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Somatosensory Cortex
Controls intense body sensations, pain control, perception, substance abuse and addiction
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Brain Fissures
- 1. Longitudinal
- 2. Central
- 3. Lateral
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Broca's Aphasia
Labored or difficult language delivery
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Wernicke's Aphasia
Nonsense speech/grammar problems
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