Psychology AP Review

• Sensory = Afferent
• Motor = Efferent

Nourish and support Neurons

Brain and Spinal Cord

Somatic, Autonomic, Sympathetic, Parasympathetic

Inhibitory- Emotional arousal, anxiety, sleep

Inhibitory- pain control and perception

Inhibitory- movement

• Too little can cause Parkinson's
• Too Much can cause Schizophrenia

Inhibitory and Excitatory- memory

Relation with Alzheimers

Excitatory- mood, sleep, learning

Associated with Depression

Excitatory- Strengthens synaptic connections

Inhibitory Neurotransmitter- sleep, anxiety

Associated with Huntington's disease and Epilepsy

Structure of the Brain

Function of the brain

Part of Hindbrain- controls breathing, heart rate, blood pressure, etc.

Part of Hindbrain- controls movement, attention, sleep, alertness, etc.

Part of Hindbrain- controls balance, muscle tone, coordination, helps with finely coordinated movements

Contains the Reticular Formation (also part of hindbrain) - attention and alertness

Part of the midbrain which controls the smooth initiation of movement (80-85% of Dopamine neurons are located here)

Part of the Forebrain (Diencephalon) - relay station for sensory information

Regulates body temperature, metabolism, hunger, thirst, sex drive, aggression, emotion, and more

24 hour biological clock - controls the release of melatonin (pineal gland)

Controls emotions (amygdala), fear, memory (hippocampus)

The two hemispheres of the brain

The brain's wrinkles (Gyri and Sulci)

Mapped out the motor and somatosensory cortex

Conducted research on split-brain patients

Connects the two hemispheres and allows them to communicate (this is severed in split-brain patients)

Located in front of the thalamus- controls postural movements and coordination

Areas not involved with recieving information or initiating movement but with complex cognitive tasks such as associating words with images

Electrical stimulation of the brain (Penfield and Delgado)

Electroencephalogram

Measures brain's electrical activity

Computerized Axial Tomography

A series of x-rays that will produce a 3D image (can locate a tumor)

Approx cost: $600

Positron Emission Tomography

Reads radioactively "tagged" glucose and shows brain activity - allows biochemical and functional studies (will show what a tumor is doing)

Approx. Cost: $2500

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Detects magnetic fields that surround the atoms in the brain tissue by using radio waves to read fields (hydrocarbons). Shows greater anatomical detail.

Approx. Cost: $1500

Functional MRI

Detects changes in blood flow to reflect neuron activity

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Exposure to magnetic fields disrupts brain activity

"The Master Gland": Growth and sexual development

Controls Thyroxin

Controls release of Calcium into the bloodstream

Releases adrenaline and cortisol (fight or flight), noradrenaline, and androgens

Insulin and Glucagon - Isles of Langerhans

Progesterone and Estrogen

Testosterone

Controls vital functions such as heartbeat, breathing, digestion, and blood pressure

Controls voluntary movement of skeletal muscles and allows us to experience body sensations

Electrical Impulses between neurons

Dendrite -> Cell Body -> Axon -> Axon Terminal

Produce and store Neurotransmitters

Controls personality, problem solving, decision making, morality, and an individual's value system

Controls body sensations

Controls visual processing, and contains the primary visual cortex

Controls auditory processing and language

Controls movement

Controls intense body sensations, pain control, perception, substance abuse and addiction

• 1. Longitudinal
• 2. Central
• 3. Lateral

Labored or difficult language delivery

Nonsense speech/grammar problems