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(B1) Thiamin's Function
coenzyme involved in CHO metabolism
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What are based on caloric intake?
B1, B2, and B3 requirements
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Vitamins that are unstable in alkali and light are____
- Vitamin B1
- Vitamin B2
- Vitamin C
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Function of B2 (Riboflavin)
coenzyme invloved in CHO and fatty acid metabolism
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Food Sources of B2
milk and dairy (yogurt, cheese, milk) are the best sources
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Cracks in the corner of mouth and inflammation of the lips
Cheilosis
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Tongue becomes smooth and changes color
Glossitis
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Precursor of B3 (Niacin)
Tryptophan
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What Vitamins are needed to make conversion from Tryptophan to Niacin (B3) ?
- Vitamin B1
- Vitamin B2
- Vitamin B3
- Vitamin B6
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Food Sources that are high in tryptophan but low in niacin (B3)
milk and eggs
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Defficiency of Niacin (B3)
Dermatitis
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Deficiency of B2 and B3 = skin changes
Especially around
- Neck (B3)
- Mouth (B2)
- Hand (B3)
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1-2g niacin 3x/day may decrease
Blood Chelestrol Level
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What is involved in energy metabolism of protein, carbohydrates, and fat ?
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What are involved in energy metabolism ?
B1, B2, B3, B5, Biotin
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enriched grain products include
- Thiamin (B1）
- Riboflavin （B2)
- Niacin (B3)
- Iron
- Folacin
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Nutrients demands during lactation are greater than
during pregnancy
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Advantages of Breast Feeding
- decreased protein content in human milk in comparison to cow's milk which decrease renal solute load
- Lipases
in human milk are superior - decrease risk of breast cancer for the mom
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Lipases in human milk are superior
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decreased protein content in human milk in comparison to cow's milk which decrease renal solute load
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Breast Feeding decrease the risk of Breast Cancer
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When to introduce solid food ?
b/w 4 and 6 months
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Snacks must be nutrient dense so they can improve the nutritional status of pre-schooler through adolescence
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increase TV = increase obesity
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if kcal intake > kcal output during childhood, then the number of fat cells increase
if kcal intake > kcal output during adulthood, then the size of fat cells increase
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if kcal intake > kcal output during , then the of fat cells increase
- 1) Childhood number
- 2) Adulthood size
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ideal fiber per day
20 - 35 g fiber per day
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too much fiber resulting
decreased nutrient absorption
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human don't have the enzyme to break fiber/cellulose down
so it is not absorbed
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2 types of fiber
- insoluble fiber
- soluble fiber
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goal fiber per day
at least 3g per 100 calories from CHO food
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sugar / starch kcal
1 g CHO (starch/sugar) = 4 kcal
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fiber kcal
1g fiber = 0 kcal
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characteristics of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
slow infant growth, small head/body, distorted facial features, mental retardation (low IQ)
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alcohol kcal
1 g alcohol = 7 kcal
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saturated fat increases the risk of
heart disease
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fat kcal
1 g fat = 9 kcal
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kcal?
10 g CHO
1 g fiber
3 g alcohol
8 g fat
133 kcal
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Protein kcal
1 g protein = 4 kcal
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types of vegetarianism
- vegan - consume only plants
- ovovegetarian - plants and eggs
- lactovegetarian - plant and dairy
- ovolactovegetarian - plant, egg, and dairy
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symptoms of lactose intolerance
- bloating
- gaseousness
- diahhrea
- nausea
- abdominal painafter eating dairy EXCEPT cheese and yorgurt
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iatrogenic malnutrition
a nutrition disease resulting from Medical Treatment to a patient with drugs, surgery, or dipudict diet
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example of Iatrogenic Malnutrition
anticonvulsants increase need for folic acid
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factors affecting BMR
- age
- genetic
- gender
- body composition
- body condition
- body temprature
- hormonal secretion
- sleep
- nigitin from smoking
- faster or crash diets
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the major gland affects BMR
thyroid
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age group affect BMR
- infancy
- childhood
- puberty
- pregnancy
- lactation increase BMR
- BMR Begins to decrease in age 25
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hyperthyroidism
increase BMR so increase food intake
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hypothyroidism
decreasing BMR so decrease food intake
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fat deposition influences health
apple vs. pear shape
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quick standard for female
- 5 ' = 100#
- addional inch = 5# additional
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quick standard male 6'
- 1' = 12 inches
- 105# + 72# = 177#
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cause of obesity
increase technology + increase junk food = increase obesity
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convert # to kg
# /2.2 = kg
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BMR
- measures the minimum amount of energy needed to carry on the Vital Body Processes
- respiration
- circulation
- sythesis of glands
- hormones
- muscular contraction
- elesticity
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2000 kcal with 10% kcal from protein, how many kcal are from protein? And how many grams protein in this diet?
10% x (2000 kcal) = 200 protein kcal
200 protein kcal / 4 = 50g protein
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how many grams of protein in a 2000 kcal diet
- 50g
- 200 kcal from protein food
- 200 / 4 = 50
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major nutrients of fruit and vegetables
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Meat/ beans group low in ______
low in Ascrobic Acid (Vitamin C) and Calcium
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Sources of Sodium (Na)
- Salt (major source)
- baking soda, MSG
- food and water with naturally occuring sodium
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Functions of Potassium
- treament of hypertension
- main water balance
- main osmotic pressure
- catalyst in many biological reactions
- maintaining axid/base balance
- transmission of nerve impluses
- release of insulin from pancreas
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Na & K both
- maintain water balance
- critical foe hypertention treament
- maintain osmotic pressure
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Food sources of Flourine
- Flourine added to water supply
- mackerel (fish)
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Functions of Flourine
- gives protection from the bone disease ( osteopathy)
- gives protection against tooth decay
- too much Flourine = browm motting on teeth
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Functions of Chloride
in the stomach as part of digested juices (HCL)
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minerals maintain water balance
Na & K
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Calcium provides rigidity in
bones and teeth
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Functions of Calcium
- Bone formation along with phosphorus, flourine, magnesium
- blood clooting
- growth
- catalyst for biological reaction
- tooth formation
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Bone Formation
- Ca calcium
- F flourine
- Mg magnesium
- P phosphorus
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Elderly are not at risk for
decreasing Ca absorption by secretin acidity excess stomach acid
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Food Sources of Ca
- milk, yogurt, cheese
- salmon
- sardines
- broccoli
- almond
- kala
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Sulfur found in
cabbage family vegetables ( cabbage, brussel sprouts, broccoli, cauliflower )
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Sulfur contains allyl sulfur
which decrease risk of cancer
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calculate BMR
Male:
Female:
- Male: 1 * ___kg * 24°
- Female : 0.9 * ___kg * 24°
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1). A man weights 110 lb, calculate his BMR 2). A women weights 110 lb, calculate her BMR
- 首先一定要把 lb 换成 kg 才能算
- 1). 110lb / 2.2 =50 kg
- 1 * 50 * 24° = 1200 kcal
- 2). 110lb /2.2 =50 kg
- 0.9 * 50 * 24° = 1080 kcal
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where we can find Phosphorus (P)?
coke, 7up, roast beef, and milk
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Sources of Magnesium
fish, nuts, soybeans, and spinach
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def. of Obesity
20% above healthy body weight
ex: 150 lb (normal) x 20% = 30 lb. （exceed weight）
150 lb + 30 lb =180 lb. (obese)
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Thermic Effect of Food 消耗最少的热量
BMR 消耗最多的热量
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Function of Iron (Fe)
- Blood Formation
- (Fe is part of hemoglobin which is part of the RBC which is invloved in blood formation)
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Meat is the most biologically available food source of
Iron
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enriched bread is a source of
Iron (non-heme iron)
enriched bread has little fat
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milk is a poor souce of
Fe and Vitamin C
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