-
Learning
- a relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience.
- putting 2 ideas together
-
Associative Learning
- learning that certain events occur together.
- Can be 2 stimuli or a response and its consequences.
-
Classical Conditioning
a type of learning in which an organism comes to associate stimuli.
-
Unconditioned response (UCR)
in classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus, such as salivation when food is in the mouth
-
Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally – naturally automatically – triggers a response
-
Conditioned response (CR)
in classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral conditioned stimulus
-
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
in classical conditioning, an originally neutral stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus comes to trigger a conditioned response.
-
Acquisition
the initial stage in classical conditioning; the phase associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus comes to evoke a conditioned response
-
Extinction
the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus
-
Operant Conditioning
a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by reinforcement or diminished if followed by punishment
-
Respondent Behavior
behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus
-
Operant Behavior
behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences
-
Law of Effect
- Thorndike’s principle
- behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely (reward = do it again)
- behaviors folowed by unfavorable conesquences become less likely (punishment = stop doing it)
-
Skinner Box
- a chamber containing a bar or a key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer, with attached devices to record the animal’s rate of bar pressing or key pecking.
- Used in operant conditioning research
- made by B. F. Skinner
-
Shaping
an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of a desired goal.
-
Reinforcer
- in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows
- to encourage
-
Primary Reinforcer
- an innate reinforcer, such as one that satisfies a biological need
- eg. food, sex
-
Secondary Reinforcer
- a conditioned reinforcer; an event that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer
- eg. money, applause
-
Continuous Reinforcement
reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs
-
Partial Reinforcement
- reinforcing a response only part of the time
- results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement
-
Fixed-Ratio Schedule
in operant conditioning, a schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses.
-
Variable-Ratio Schedule
in operant conditioning, a schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses
-
Fixed-Interval Schedule
in operant conditioning, a schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed
-
Variable-Interval Schedule
in operant conditioning, a schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals
-
Punishment
- an aversive event that decreases the behavior that it follows
- to stop a behavior or discourage
-
Cognitive Map
- a mental representation of the layout of one’s environment
- for example, after exploring a maze, rats act as they have learned a cognitive map of it
-
Latent Learning
learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it
-
Observational Learning
learning by observing and imitating the behavior of others
-
Modeling
the process of observing and imitating a behavior
-
Prosocial Behavior
- positive, constructive, helpful behavior.
- The opposite of antisocial behavior
-
Positive Reinforcement
- increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli
- Ex: food
- presented after a response, strengthens the response (add to)
-
Negative Reinforcement
- increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli
- Ex: shock, car buzz
- removed after a response, strengthens the response (take away)
-
Intrinsic motivation
a desire to perform a behavior for its own sake
-
Extrinsic motivation
a desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment
-
Mirror neurons
- frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so.
- the brain's mirroring of another's action may enable limitation, language learning, and empathy.
-
Spontaneous recovery
the reappearance, after a pause, of an entinguished conditioned response.
-
generalization
the tendency, once a response has been contitioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses.
-
discriminationin
in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a contitioned stilulus and stimuli that do not signal an uncontitioned stimulus
-
overjustification effect
the effect of promising a reward for doing what one already likes to do
|
|