The first person to report seeing microbes (Cellular Structure of Plants & Fungi) under the microscope around 1665 was an englishman named
Robert Hooke
What discovery was Robert Hooke credited with?
He was the 1st to described "cellulae" small rooms in cork. His discovery led to the formulation of the cell theory, which states that cells are the basic organizational unit of all living things.
Name the
Father of microbiology
The 1st to see and describe bacteria (1676)
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
What was Francisco Redi important role in microbiology
In the late 1600s he disaproved that maggots are not spontaneously produced in rotten meat by showing that maggots develop only in meat that flies could reach to lay eggs on.
Who was an important founder of medical microbiology with breakthroughs in the causes and prevention of diseses (Flask experiments)
Pasteur (1859)
What did Pasteurs experiments prove?
No living things arise by spontaneous generation
Microbes are everywhere- even in the air and dust
What theory did Robert Kock proved in the late 1870's
"Germ theory of disease"
Microbes (germs) cause disease and specific microbes cause specific diseases.
Edward Jenner
Small Pox Vaccine (1796) with use of cowpox
1803 it was an established medical procedure in England
Name units of measurements used to measure microbes
Nanometer (Smallest)
Micrometer
Millimeter
1 Meter (Largest)
Name the following microscope
Similar to a magnifying glass and has only one lense
Simple Microscope
Name the following Microscope
Lets light pass through an object and then through two or more lenses
Most widely used
Can magnify up to 200x
Compound Microscope
What microscope gives a three dimensional view (2 Fields of Lights)
Stereoscopic Microscope
What microscope uses
Magnetic field to bend beams of electrons
Used to observe VERY small objects: viruses, DNA, parts of cells
Electron Microscope
What enlarges an image and bends the light toward your eye
A lense
Describe refraction
the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another of different density
Wet mounts are used to view?
Living organisms
What specimen preparation kills the organisms, causing them to adhere to the slide and more readily accept stains
Heat Fixation
Describe a stain/dye
A molecule that can bind to a structure and give it color
Most microbial stains are cationic (positively charged), or basic dyes, such as
Methylene Blue
Crystal Violet
Safrannin
Nigrosin or India ink are what type of dyes
anionic dyes (negatively charged), or acidic dyes
colored cation + colorless anion is what type of dye
A. Acidic Dye
B. Basic Dye
A. Acidic Dye
methylene blue (MB+) + methylene blue chloride (Cl-) is what type of dye
A. Acidic Dye
B. Basic Dy
B. Basic dyes
Colorless cations (positively-charged ions) and colored anions (negatively-charged ions) are what type of dyes
A. Acidic Dye
B. Basic Dy
A. Acidic Dye
Bacterial cells are
slightly negatively charged (rich in nucleic acids bearing negative charges as phosphate groups)
Acidic dyes do not stain the
Bacterial cell. they can stain the background material with a contrasting color
Name the following stain, use of one dye and reveal basic cell morphology
C. Simple stains
When two or more dyes are used to distinguish various properties or organisms A. Differential stains
B. Simple stains
C. Negative stains
A. Differential stains
What type of dyes are used to color the background around cells and their parts, which resist taking up the stain A. Differential stains
B. Simple stains
C. Negative stains
C. Negative stains
acidic dyes will “stick” to the glass slide since glass has a + charge
C. Negative stains
Name the two type of cells
Prokaryotes
Eukatyotes
Diffusion, Facilitated Diffusion and Osmosis are
A. Active Transport (Requires cellular energy)
B. Passive Transport (Does not require cellular energy)
B. Passive Transport (Does not require cellular energy)
Protein Pumps, Endocytosis and Exocytosis are examples
A. Active Transport (Requires cellular energy)
B. Passive Transport (Does not require cellular energy)
A. Active Transport (Requires cellular energy)
Describe Tugor pressure
pressure exerted on the cell wall
A microscope that darkens background and lightens organisms to see different contrast is known as
Dark field microscope
What microscope gives a finer detail caused by lens and one filed of light that shift
Phase contrast microscope
What microscope usase dyes to light up under UV lights
Confocal microscope
Since cells are negatively charged the can be stained with
A. Anion Stains
B. Cation Stains
B. Cation Stains
Gram staining is also known as
Differential Staining
What determines most of the membrane's specific function
Protein
Name the two populations of membrane proteins
Peripheral proteinsIntegral proteins
What Proteins are not embedded in the lipid bilayer at all. Instead they are loosely bounded to the surface of the protein, often connected to the other population of membrane proteins.
Peripheral protein
Which proteins penetrate the hydrophobic core of the lipid bilayer, often completely spanning the membrane (a transmembrane protein)
Integral proteins
Membrane functions
Transport
Intercellular jointing
Enzymatic activity
Cell to cell recognition
Signal transduction
Attachment to the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix (ECM)
Membrane bound organelles- ONLY found in A. Eukaryotes
B. Prokaryotes
A. Eukaryotes
include all organisms other than bacteria (Have nucleus) A. Eukaryotes B. Prokaryotes
A. Eukaryotes
include all bacteria (No Nucleus, Free DNA) A. Eukaryotes
B. Prokaryotes
B. Prokaryotes
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes which one is not a similarity –Cell membrane –Have nucleic acid (DNA) –Flagellum –Have cytoplasm
–Ribosomes
–Flagellum
Prokaryotes
They’re everywhere! Collective prokaryote biomass outweighs all eukaryotes combined by at least tenfold.
They exist almost everywhere, including places where eukaryotes cannot.
A. True
B. False
A. True
•Are smaller and simpler
•Commonly known as bacteria
•10-100 microns in size
•Single-celled(unicellular) or
•Filamentous (strings of single cells) A. Eukaryotes B. Prokaryote
B. Prokaryote
•capsule: slimy outer coating
•cell wall: tougher middle layer
•cell membrane: delicate inner skin A. Eukaryotes
B. Prokaryote
B. Prokaryote
Name the following found in most bacteria, Slimy or gummy substance that becomes the outermost layer of the cell envelope
Glycocalyx
a thick glycocalyx is often called a
Capsule
a thin glycocalyx is often called a
Slime Layer
Glycocalyx Functions:
Protection from drying out
Helps a cell adhere to a surface where conditions are favorable for growth
Provideprotection against phagocytosis (makes
it difficult for the phagocyte to grab hold of the bacterium)
Cell walls are composed of
peptidoglycan
Bacteria are grouped according to what two cell wall types.
1. Gram positive (Thick Peptidoglycan)
2. Gram negative (Thin Peptidoglycan) have outer membrane
Which Bacterial group has a simple, thick cell walls
A. Gram Negative
B. Gram Positive
B. Gram Positive
What bacteria are typically more resistant to host immune defenses and antibiotics. A. Gram Positive B. Gram Negative
B. Gram Negative
Note that the two types of bacteria can be stained to determine which is gram-negative (COLOR ?) and gram-positive (COLOR?) using a Gram Stain. A. gram-negative (pink) gram-positive (purple)
B. gram-negative (purple) gram-positive (pink)
A. gram-negative (pink) gram-positive (purple)
Name all the cell wall layers (outside in) of a gram negative cell
Name the following reagent for gram stain –Primary stain; positive stain
–Stains cell wall purple A. Crystal Violet (purple)
B. Iodine
C. Ethanol
D. Safranin (pink)
A. Crystal Violet (purple)
Name the following reagent for gram stain
–Mordant
–Combines with CV to form an insoluble complex that gets trapped in thicker peptidoglycan layers A. Crystal Violet (purple)
B. Iodine
C. Ethanol
D. Safranin (pink)
B. Iodine
Name the following reagent for gram stain –Decolorizer
–CV-Icomplex washed out of Gram negative organisms because it cannot be trapped by peptidoglycan layer; flows right through outer membrane
A. Ethanol
Name the following reagent for gram stain
–Counterstain
–Simple positive stain that provides contrasting dye for decolorized cells (Gram negative)
–Stains all cells, but only the negative ones actually appear pink. A. Crystal Violet (purple)
B. Iodine
C. Ethanol
D. Safranin (pink)
D. Safranin (pink)
Name prokaryote cells inner liquid filling
Cytoplasm
Prokaryote DNA is in one big loop located in the
Nuceloid
Function of prokaryote cells pilli
Sticking to things
Function of prokaryote cells ribosomes
for building proteins
Nucleoid is a mass of
DNA
Well defined, although it is not surrounded by a membrane; most of a bacterium's DNA is arranged in a single circular molecule called a
Chromosome
Some bacteria also contains smaller circular DNA molecules called
Plasmids
sex pili allow one bacterial cell to adhere to another called
conjugation
Name a bacteria with many flagella
Salmonella
What antibiotics can specifically target bacterial ribosomes & not harm the host's eukaryotic ribosomes
