From Kansas to central Indiana to Pennsylvania, many people believe that they have water moccasins (also called "cottonmouths") in their ponds. Some assert they have seen them, although they are certainly not so foolish as to try to capture one alive. Meanwhile, the fish and game offices and the range maps in the herpetology books indicate that this poisonous snake does not breed this far north. What is the most scientific attitude to assume on this issue? A. Observations by both the public and the fish and game officers are subjective so this is not easily resolved objectively.B. A simple field trip to the pond locations-that resulted in the capture and confirmation of the identity of the snakes-would settle the matter.C. Scientific books with range maps are based on field research and, therefore, determine the truth in this case.D. Because living organisms are active, scientific theories in biology always change.
B. A simple field trip to the pond locations-that resulted in the capture and confirmation of the identity of the snakes-would settle the matter.
The alpha helix and beta sheet are found at which level of protein organization?
B. secondary structure
Which term refers to the attraction to water molecules?
D. hydrophilic
Which of the following does NOT represent homeostasis?
B. Energy is captured by plants, then transferred to consumers and decomposers, and eventually lost as heat.
Which of the following features are present at the exosystem level?
A. all are features of an ecosystem
A lipid is a polymer made up of which kind of monomers?
A. fatty acids and glycerol
Choose the correct order of classification from most inclusive to exclusive.
A. Domain-Kingdom-Phylum-Class-Order-Family-Genus-Species
B. Kingdom-Domain-Class-Phylum-Order-Family-Genus-Species
C. Kingdom-Domain-Class-Phylum-Order-Genus-Species-Family
D. Kingdom-Class-Phylum-Domain-Genus-Order-Family-Species
A. Domain-Kingdom-Phylum-Class-Order-Family-Genus-Species
Organisms belonging to the same _____ would be the most closely related.
E. family
Which carbohydrate is used in the liver for energy storage?
A. glycogen
Which of the following terms best describe the collection of scientific data through observation in the field, such as observing the behavior of birds?
D. descriptive research
Which of the following domains contains the most primitive prokaryotes that live in extreme environments?
A. Archaea
The mass number refers to the number of ____ and ____ within an element.
A. protons and electrons
B. electrons and atoms
C protons and neutrons
D protons and molecules
E electrons and neutrons
C. protons and neutrons
A hypothesis is tested by:
C. experimentation
Which of the following elements is NOT one of the six most common in living organisms?
A. iron
Egg's "dried on" the plate. However, after soaking, they easily wash off. What happened?
A. the presence or absence of water changes the molecules from hydrophilic to hydrophobic respectively.
B the addition of water converted organic molecules into inorganic molecules.
C. Heating denatured the egg protein molecules, hydrolysis reactions then formed bonds in the dried egg, and soaking in water eventually resulted in condensation reactions where water broke these bonds.
C Heating denatured the egg protein molecules, hydrolysis reactions then formed bonds in the dried egg, and soaking in water eventually resulted in condensation reactions where water broke these bonds.
An orbital is best described as
A. the electron shell closest to the nucleus
.B. the outermost electron shell of an atom.
C. the volume of space in which electrons are most often found.
D. the original energy level of electrons in photosynthesis.
C. the volume of space in which electrons are most often found.
Which carbohydrate is found in the exoskeleton of insects and crabs?
C. chitin
What is the most likely source of oil used in preparing a meal?
C. canola or olive
Which statement is NOT true about covalent bonds?
D. Covalent bonds form when an electron is completely lost or gained from an atom.
The characteristic way in which atoms of an element react is most related to the
A. number of electrons in the outermost shell.
B. number of electrons in the innermost shell.
C. number of neutrons in the nucleus.
D. size of the nucleus.
B. number of electrons in the outermost shell.
Which definition best describes a population?
B. The members of a species in a given area.
Prior to prescription medications to control stomach acid and "heart burn" people consumed baking soda (sodium bicarbonate) to decrease their discomfort. This would indicate that sodium bicarbonate
A. neutralizes stomach acid by combining with excess H+
In a water molecule,
A. all are correct.
An atom's atomic mass is best described as the mass of
D. protons and neutrons it contains
Which statement is true about RNA?
E. One of the bases from DNA is replaced by uracil
What term is used for molecules that have identical molecular formulas but the atoms in each molecule are arranged differently?
E. isomer
If an animal needed to store energy for long-term use, but not be encumbered with the weight of extra tissue, which is the best molecule for storage?
E. high-calorie fat molecules
Which of these statements is NOT true about DNA?
B. It contains the sugar ribose.
A saturated fat is
D. All of the choices are correct.
Living organisms are characterized by:
A. all of the choices pertain to living organisms.
Which of the following concepts is NOT one of the unifying theories of biology?
D. Life may arise through spontaneous generation.
A cell is to a tissue as an atom is to:
A. molecule
Some members of Daphnia, a water flea, have a genetic mutation that causes them to prefer warmer environments. These members reproduce and pass these genetic changes to their offspring. The next generation will occupy warmer environments not previously occupied by this species. This is an example of:
A. adaptation
B. homeostasis
C. irritability
D. All of the choices are correct.
A. adaptation
A researcher reports he has conducted many experiments where a galvanometer (lie detector) was hooked up to detect a plant's responses. He reports that when a spider was released near the plant, the spider's decision to escape was picked up by the plant, "causing a reaction in the leaf." When other researchers repeated the experiment, they could not get any galvanometer responses. The researcher then concluded that plants could be put into a faint by humans.
C. Results must be somewhat repeatable and these results that only work for this researcher do not qualify as science.
For five years, you wake up before the alarm is set to ring each morning. This leads you to conclude that people have a built-in "alarm clock" capable of waking them up. From a science viewpoint, this conclusion
A. is science because it is based on real observations
.B. is science because it is predictive of what will happen tomorrow morning.
C. is scientifically valid because 5 years x 365 days is a large number of trials.
D. may not be valid because it generalizes about all people, and there may have been other variables that could awaken you without a built-in clock.
E. cannot be scientifically treated because it involves human behavior.
D. may not be valid because it generalizes about all people, and there may have been other variables that could awaken you without a built-in clock.
If the atomic number of an element is 6 and the atomic mass is 12.01, how many protons are there in the nucleus?
A. 12
B. 6
C. 24
D. 52
B 6
Which is NOT true about the electrical charges in chemistry?
D. In an atom, the number of protons and neutrons must be equal.
Both 18O and 16O are found in nature. However, 16O is the most common. Therefore,
E. oxygen atoms can have eight or 10 neutrons.
Which statement is NOT true about ionic bonds?
E. An ion has the same number of electrons as a nonionic atom of the same element
As a solid, water floats. This means that
B. All of the choices are correct.
A solution with a pH of 7.0 has _______ times ________ H+ than a solution of pH 10.
C. 10³; more
Which of the following organisms is NOT ultimately dependent on the sun as a source of energy?
A. A night-blooming flower is pollinated by night-flying bats.
B. An underground earthworm avoids the sun.
C. A cave fish feeds on debris that washes down to it
.D. All of the choices ARE ultimately dependent on the sun.
E. All of the choices are NOT ultimately dependent on the sun.
D. All of the choices ARE ultimately dependent on the sun.
Which of the following is NOT a protein function?
A. defense
B. transportation
C motion
D insulation
E support
D insulation
A polypeptice has an amino acid sequence of: alanine-leucine-tryptophane-glycien-valine-alanine This chain of amino acids is further organized into a helix that in-turn, folds in and around itself to form a globular structure. The primary structure of this polypeptide is:
A. alanine-leucine-tryptophane-glycien-valine-alanine
A polysaccharide is a polymer made up of which kind of monomers?
C. simple sugars
Which property of water allows it to act as a transport medium?
B. cohesion
Which of the following protein structures is exemplified by globular proteins?
A. tertiary
B quaternary
C secondary
D primary
A. tertiary
Unsaturated fats have double bonds. True/false
true
After being formed by the ribosomes located on the endoplasmic reticulum, what is the next organelle to which a protein could be transported?
B. Golgi apparatus
Which is NOT true about the cell theory?
A. Its various parts were described by Schleiden, Schwann, and Virchow.
B. It states that all organisms are composed of cells.
C. It states that all cells come from preexisting cells.
D. It states that bacteria and other small organisms can arise spontaneously.E. It is accepted today by biologists as applying to virtually all forms of life.
D. It states that bacteria and other small organisms can arise spontaneously.
Which of the following gives rise to both lysosomes and vesicles?
D. Golgi apparatus
Which statement is NOT true about bacteria?
D. Bacteria contain membrane bound organelles.
Which is a true statement about ribosomes?
A. Ribosomes contain DNA and protein.
B. Ribosomes are active in carbohydrate synthesis.
C. Ribosomal subunits leave the nucleus after being formed by the nucleolus.
D. Polyribosomes are the subunits of ribosomes
.E. Ribosomes are only found associated with the endoplasmic reticulum in prokaryotic cells.
C. Ribosomal subunits leave the nucleus after being formed by the nucleolus.
Without a cytoskeleton, eukaryotic cells would NOT
D. have an efficient way to transport materials from one organelle to another
Membrane-bounded vesicles that contain enzymes for oxidizing small organic molecules with the formation of hydrogen peroxide are
A. vacuoles.
B. vesicles.
C. glyoxisomes.
D. lysosomes
.E. peroxisomes.
E. peroxisomes.
All cells have these two characteristics:
C. have a plasma membrane and ribosomes in the cytoplasm
Why is a large surface area: volume ratio needed for cells to function properly?
B. Adequate surface area (plasma membrane) is needed to furnish nutrients to and expel wastes from the volume (cytoplasm).
The cells that line our respiratory tract, and one-celled paramecia both have these short hair-like projections.
D. cilia
Proteins in a membrane are:
D. All of the choices are correct.
Active transport
C. requires an input of ATP.
Which of the following is true with respect to plant cell walls?
A. They contain n-acetylglutamic acid.
B. They all have secondary cell walls to some extent.
C. There is a greater amount of cellulose in secondary cell walls than in primary cell walls.
D. Lignin is found in primary cell walls of plants.
C. There is a greater amount of cellulose in secondary cell walls than in primary cell walls.
In a phospholipid bilayer, the
E. phosphate heads are oriented toward the exterior of the cell or toward the cytoplasm.
Which statement is true about the plasma membrane?
A. Movement of proteins and phospholipids can occur sideways within the plane of the membrane.
Red blood cells come in many "blood types" including type A, type B, type AB, type O [lacking proteins A and B], Rh positive, and Rh negative [lacking Rh+] and many others. If blood is transfused, the recipient detects any new or "foreign" proteins. These blood type proteins are A. in the plasma where they have been secreted by the red blood cells.
B. inside the red blood cell cytoplasm.
C. on the outer surface of the red blood cell membrane.
D. evenly distributed throughout the cell contents and plasma.
E. in the red blood cell nucleus.
C. on the outer surface of the red blood cell membrane.
Whether a molecule can cross the plasma membrane depends upon
A. All of the choices are correct.
Which is the best definition of osmosis?
A. The movement of molecules from an area of their higher concentration to an area of their lower concentration.
B. The movement of water across a semi permeable membrane from an area of higher water concentration to an area of lower water concentration.
C. The movement of molecules from an area of their lower concentration to an area of their higher concentration.
D. The movement of water across a semi permeable membrane from an area of lower water concentration to an area of higher water concentration.
E. The movement of a substance against its concentration gradient through the release of energy from ATP.
B. The movement of water across a semi permeable membrane from an area of higher water concentration to an area of lower water concentration.
Freshwater protozoans react to a/an _____ environment by removing water through _____.
C. hypotonic, a contractile vacuole
Which of the following is NOT associated with animal cells? A. an extracellular matrix
B. plasmodesmata
C. gap junctions
D. adhesion junctions (desmosomes)
E. tight junctions
B. plasmodesmata
Having similar ____________ would allow tissues and organs to be transplanted easily.
A. all of the choices are involved in tissue transplantation
Which is the best definition of active transport?
A. movement of molecules from an area of their higher concentration to an area of their lower concentration
B. movement of water across a semi permeable membrane from an area of higher water concentration to an area of lower water concentration
C. movement of molecules from an area of their lower concentration to an area of their higher concentration
D. movement of water across a semi permeable membrane from an area of lower water concentration to an area of higher water concentration
E. movement of a substance against its concentration through the release of energy from ATP
E. movement of a substance against its concentration through the release of energy from ATP
Eukaryotic cells are substantially larger than bacterial cells and average over 20 times more volume-per-surface-area than bacterial cells. How can the eukaryotic cell membrane provide this higher rate of exchange of materials?
A. Plasma membrane folds increase the surface area.
B. Carrier proteins speed the rate at which a solute crosses the plasma membrane in the direction of decreasing concentration.
C. Mitochondria are concentrated near membranes to provide energy for active transport of molecules or ions.
D. Large molecules are engulfed by vesicle formation.
E. All of the choices are correct.
E. All of the choices are correct.
If a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, which will occur?
B. Water will move into the cell from the surrounding solution.
which organelle is primarily responsible for the breakdown of lipids within the cell?
D. peroxisome
which cell junction is unique to animals?
B. gap
which of the following products are unique to vacuoles?
A. water
B. sugar
C. water-soluble pigments
D. all are found in vacuoles
D all are found in vacuoles
The newly discovered membrane channel protein that accounts for why water can cross a membrane more quickly than expected is:
B. Aquaporin
Chloroplasts are to ____________ as ___________ are to aerobic respiration?
1. thylakoid membranes, matrix
2. protein synthesis, lysosomes
3. stroma, cristae
4. photosynthesis, mitochondria
4. Photosynthesis, mitochondria
Which type of junction will create a solid barrier to prevent molecules from moving between the cells?
C. tight
What type of transport mechanism is required to move sodium ions against their concentration gradient?
D. active
DNA is housed within the nucleus, but the mRNA code needs to leave in order to be translated into protein. How does the mRNA code leave the nucleus if the nucleus is surrounded by the nuclear envelope?
A. The nuclear envelope contains pores that allow the mRNA to exit.
which of the following is the reason plants wilt if they are watered with a salt solution?
A to protect its leaves.
B. increase in turgor pressure
C. salt weakens the plant cell walls.
D. loss of water due to the salt solution resulting in a decrease in turgor pressure.
D loss of water due to the salt solution resulting in a decrease in turgor pressure.
What is the smallest unit of living matter?
D cell
Which process is responsible for moving cellular wastes across the cell membrane?
C exocytosis
during the sequencing of DNA into a protein, what is the first step?
D mRNA is copied from a gene
If a living plant were moved from a freshwater aquarium to a saltwater aquarium, which of the following would occur?
D the plant's cells would lose water and plasmolysis would occur.
If a researcher was interested in slowing down the movement of amoebas by disrutping their cell membranes, which protein filaments should be studied?
A actin
Which cell junction will allow the movement of molecules between two plant cells?
A plasmodesmata
Know which is hypotonic, isotonic, hypertonic.
They describe the solution not the cell.
Which of the following is unique to bacterial cells?
D nucleoid region
According to the endosymbiosis theory ____ were engulfed by larger eukaryotic cells.
D mitochondria
be able to identify
cocci- looks like OOOs
Bacilli- ll look long skinny
be able to identify
inner membrane
matrix
cristae
intermembrane space
outer membrane
Which statement is NOT true about the noncyclic electron pathway?
a. Electrons are boosted to higher energy level in Photosystem I.
b. Sunlight excites electrons in Photosystem II.
c. It produces ATP.
d. It produces NADPH.
e. It produces carbohydrates through carbon dioxide fixation.
e. It produces carbohydrates through carbon dioxide fixation.
Which substrate is missing: 6CO2 + _____ + energy= C6H12O6 + 6O2
A. 6H20
B 4H2O
C 4O2
D glucose
A 6H2O
Which of the following substrates are required to run cellular respiration?
D glucose & oxygen
Which of the following is a CAM plant?
D cactus
Which process reduces molecular oxygen to water?
A electron transport system
The first phase of aerobic cellular respiration is:
citric acid cycle
glycolysis
electron transport system
fermentation
the preparatory reaction
glycolysis
What organisms are capable of photosynthesis?
D plants, algae, and some bacteria
Which process produces alcohol or lactate?
C fermentation
Currently accepted theory of how an enzyme and its substrate fit together?
A as the product is released, the enxyem breaks down.
B as the sybstrate binds to the enzyme, the shape of the active site changes to accommodate the reaction.
B as the sybstrate binds to the enzyme, the shape of the active site changes to accommodate the reaction.
The membrane protein (enzyme) _____ will transform ADP+P > ATP as H+ flow dow a gradient from the intermemebrane space inot the matrix.
A sodium potassium pump
B ATP synthase
C cholesterol
D NADH-Q reductase
ATP synthase
Which of these processes occur in the cytosol?
citric acid cycle
glycolysis
ETS
preparatory reaction
glycolysis
What statement is NOT true about the effects of various conditions on the activity of an enzyme?
D) an enzyme's activity is generally reduced by an increase in substrate concentration
To what does the term stroma refer?
The double membrane of the chloroplast
a flattened disk or sac in the chloroplast
astack of thylakoid membrane structures
the central fluid-filled space of the chloroplast
the cytochrom system in the membranes of the thylakoids
The central fluid-filled space of the chloroplast
what is the correct summary for the energy investment vs. energy harvesting steps of glycolysis?
A 2 ATP are invested and 4 ATP are harvested to produce a net gain of 2 ATP
B 2 ATP are invested and no ATP are harvested to produce a net lose of 2 ATP
A 2 ATP are invested and 4 ATP are harvested to produce a net gain of 2 ATP
Which process produces both NADH and FADH2?
A citric acid cycle
B glycolysis
C ETS
D fermentation
E preparatory reaction
citric acid cycle
What are the end products of photosynthesis?
C Glucose & oxygen
During the light reactions what structure is responsible for absorbing the solar energy?
C chloroplast
The carbon dioxide we exhale is produced in
C the electron transport system
Endergonic reactions:
C can only occur if there is an input of energy.
What structure is required for an organsm to be classified as an autotroph?
D chloroplast
The function of sunlight in photosynthesis is to:
D excited electrons in chlorophyll
The subunits from which ATP is made are:
A ADP and Phosphate
B FAD and NAD+
C FAD and NADPH
D ADP and FAD
ADP and phosphate
A coenzyme is
A an ionic cofactor that interacts with an enzyme to allow it to work.
B a nonprotein organic cofactor that interacts with an enzyme to allow it to work.
B a nonprotein organic cofactor that interacts with an enzyme to allow it to work.
Which best describes the second law of thermodynamics?
A Energy can be created from matter or used to produce matter.
B some useful energy is lost as heat whenever an energy trasfer occurs.
B some useful energy is lost as heat whenever an energy trasfer occurs.
Which best describes the first law of thermodynamics?
A energy is not created nor destroyed, but it can change from one energy form to another.
B energy is changed from one form to another with a loss of usable energy.
A energy is not created nor destroyed, but it can change from one energy form to another.
A product of photosynthesis, ____ is the chief source of energy for most organsms.
C glucose
Which organelles contain functioning ATP synthetase complexes in their membranes?
D Mitochondria and chloroplasts
Which is most closely associated with the Calvin Cycle?
A carbon dioxide fixation
Why are plants green?
B they reflect green wavelengths of light and absorb blue and red light
The correct sequence for aerobic metabolic breakdown of glucose is:
A glycolysis- preparatory reaction- citric acid cycle- elextron trasnport system
B Prep reaction- glycolysis- electron transport- citric acid cycle
A glycolysis- preparatory reaction- citric acid cycle- elextron trasnport system
Energy coupling of endergonic and exergonic reactions within cells
C all of the choices are correct
What are the end products of photosynthesis?
C oxygen and carbs
Adult humans cannot synthesize _____ out of the ____ common amino acids.
A nine; twenty
The preparatory reaction breaks
E pyruvates into acetyl-CoA and carbon dioxide
Complete oxidative breadown of glucose results in ____ ATP molecules.
C 36
The amino acids we cannot synthesize are called ____ because we ____.
A unnecessary; therefore do not need them
B essential; must include them in our diets