chapter 47-49

pericardium: surrounds the heart

epicardium: first layer of the heart

myocardium: middle layer of the heart

endocardium: form the heart valves

right atrium which receives deoxygenated blood from the inferior and superior vena cava

tricuspid valve into the right ventricle

the right ventricle contract and blood passes from the ventricle to the lungs via the pulmonary artery

pulmonary artery

lungs and the blood returns to the left atrium through the pulmonary veins

pulmonary veins

aorta the largest artery in the body

pacemaker of the heart located in the right atrium.

it starts the contraction of the heartbeat

• SA node
• AV node
• bundle of his
• purkinje fibers

at rest

depolarization

buildup in smaller vessels

occurs when blood flow to your heart muscle is decreased by a partial or complete blockage of your heart's arteries (coronary arteries). The decrease in blood flow reduces your heart's oxygen supply.

pain behind the sternum that can be relieved by rest or nitroglycerin

heart attack

pain lasts longer than 30 minutes and is unrelieved by rest or nitroglycerin tablets

ECG 6 to 12 hours after episode

enzymes are released by the necrotic myocardium and continue to increase for 24 to 49 hours after the MI

excessive sweating or profusely sweating

shortness of breath

because of a diseas process in another body system

no known cause

when the myocardium is unable to pump enough blood to meet the needs of the body

weakness of the left ventricle from chronic hypertension

on one side of the heart followed by the other side

essential hyperension or left ventricle disease

causes a backup of blood in the lungs resulting in pulmonary edema

signs and symptoms

• dyspnea: dificulty breathing
• orthopnea: shortness of breath when lying down
• rales: crackling sound

back up of blood in the right atrium which prevents complete emptying of the vena cava resulting in systemic edema in leg and feet

can develop from lung disease

limit physical acitivity , restrict salt , no smoking , reduce stress and control weight.

diuretics , ACE inhibitor vasotec , prinivil , zestril , capoten , digoxin , beta-blockers coreg , lopressor , potassium

orthostatic or postural hypotension

common in elderly

contribute to falls and injuries

unusal immune reaction that occurs approximately 2 weeks after an untreated beta-hemolytic streptococcal infection

pericarditis: sac surrounding the heart is inflammed

endocarditis: inflammed inside the lining of the heart virus

disorder of the valves of the heart may be caused by a congenital defect or an infection

• valve stenosed
• mitral valve prolapse

oxygenated blood away from the heart

microscopic vessels responisble for the exchanges of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the tissue

deoxygenated blood back to the heart

collapse of the circulatory system includes decrease cardiac output , hypotension , and hypoxemia

signs: extreme thirtness , restlessness , irriablity

body attempt to compensate with vasoconstriction of peripheral blood vessels causing cooling , clammy skin tachycardia, decrease in urinary output

cardiogenic: low cardiac output inablitiy of the heart to pump. tooth decay ( MI , pulmonary embolism , CHF)

hypovolemic: excessive loss of blood decrease volume of blood circulating

neurogenic- vascular dilation spinal cord injury , stress , drug reaction overdose

anaphylactic: hypersentivity to an allergan allergic reation

septic systemic infection:caused by release of bacterial endotoxins throughout the whole body

dilated , tortuous , superficial veins that develp because the valves do not completely close , allowing blood to flow backward.

causes the vein to distend form the increased pressure

caused by congenitally defective valves , pregnancy , obesity , prolonged standing or sitting , heavy lifting

deep vein thrombosis

thrombus with inflammatory changes that has attached to the deep venous system of the lower legs

causes partial or complete obstruction of vessel

asymptomatic: calf pain , swelling , warmth , edema , erythema at site

thrombus becomes dislodged and begins to circulate through the general circulation

pulmonary embolism is most serious

diagnosis: doppler

treatment: heparin, coumadin , bed rest

arteriosclerosis: thickening and loss of elasticity of arterial walls

atherosclerosis: formation of an athermoa a build up of cholesterol , cellular debris and platelets along the inside vessel walls

diet: reduce saturated fats and foods high in cholesterol

• aerobic exercise to elevate HDL levels
• stop smoking
• statin drugs- lipitor and zocor

dilation of vessel wall

Marfan's syndrome

widespread of atherosclerotic plaque buildup in the arteries outside of the heart

pager size device implanted in the chest under the skin and attached to the heart with small wires

continuously monitory heart rhythm and deliver electric shock to correct life-threating arrhythmias

the tendons that anchor the cusps of the heart valves to the papillary muscles of the myocardium preventing valvular prolapse

recurring cramping in the calves caused by poor circulation of blood to the muscles of the lower leg

an inherited condition characterized by elongation of the bones joints hypermobility abnormalities of the eyes and the development of an aortic aneurysm

an autoimmune disorder that affects the blood vessels and connective tissue causing fibrous degeneration of the major organs

atria: top chamber receive blood

ventricles: the bottom chambers pump blood out

begins in the right atrium which receives deoxygenated  blood from the inferior and superior venae cavae.

the atria contract and blood passes through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle.

then ventricles contract and blood right venticle into the to the lungs via pulmonary artery

oxygenated blood returns to the left atria through the pulmonary veins

atria contracts blood passes through the mitral ( bicuspid ) valve into the left ventricle

the ventricle contracts and oxygen-rich blood sent through out the body through the aorta

largest artery in the body

a period of electric recovery

left side