-
Most of the time DNA is found in a thread like form called ____.
Chromatin
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Chromatin is elaborately wound up into coiled structures called ____.
Chromosomes
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Humans have ___ chromosomes in each body cell.
46
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Homologous prs are matched by what means?
Physical characteristics
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Chromosomes that are not concerned with sex determination are called ____.
Autosomes
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Females have a homologous pr of ____ sex chromosomes but males are ___.
-
Chromosomes from cells that are undergoing mitosis look how?
Thickly coiled structures
-
B/f a new nucleus can be made DNA in each chromosome in each chromosome must what?
Replicate
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The place where chromosomes attach is called the ____.
Centromere
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A cell that contains the correct # of homologous prs for its species is said to be ____.
Diploid
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A cell w/only 1 member of each homologous pr is said to be ___.
Haploid
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The union of a haploid egg & a haploid sperm produces a ___ ____.
Diploid Zygote
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Each strand of a double chromosome is called a ____.
Chromatid
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B/c chromatids are identical those that are attached to each other are called ___ ___.
Sister Chromatids
-
What are the phases of mitosis?
- Prophase
- Prometaphase
- Metaphase
- Anaphase
- Telophase
-
In prophase what events take place?
- Chromosomes condense
- Spindle begins to develop
- Nuclear env desintigrates
-
What are the events of the metaphase?
- Centrosomes move to opposite ends of cell
- Chromosomes align on metaphasal plate
-
During what phase of mitosis do chromatids separate & move towards opposite ends of the spindle?
Anaphase
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What happens during the telophase & cytokinesis?
Nuclear env reforms & cytoplasms divide
-
What is overall result of mitosis?
2 identical cells
-
A special type of cell division to produce gametes is called ___.
Meiosis
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Each chromosome is a ___ molecule that encodes info & each segment of info is a ___.
-
How many cells result fr meiosis?
4
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Homologous prs that assoc closely during prophase I are termed ___.
Tetrad
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___ ___ is the term used to describe homologous chromosomes exchanging pieces of DNA.
Crossing Over
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Crossing over at prophase I is one great source of ___ ___.
Genetic Variation
-
What are 3 events during prophase?
- Chromosomes condense
- Spindle begins to develop
- Nuclear env breaks down
-
What are 2 events of metaphase?
- Centrosomes move to opposite ends of cell
- Chromosomes align on metaphase plate
-
During what phase of mitosis do chromatids separate & move toward opposite ends of the spindle?
Anaphase
-
What are the 2 events of telophase & cytokinesis?
- Nuclear env reforms
- Cytoplasm divides
-
What is the overall result of mitosis?
2 identical cells
-
Is mitotic division reductional or equational w/respect to chromosome # & why?
Equational b/c each new cell receives an exact copy of all chromosomes
-
In what stage of the cell cycle does cell division occur?
In between the G2 & G1 portions of interphase
-
Cell division that occurs to produce haploid gamete cells is called ____.
Meiosis
-
What 2 events occur during prophase 1?
- Chromosomes become visible
- Nuclear env disintegrates
-
What 2 events occur during metaphase 1?
- Chromosomes attach to spindle apparatus
- Align along ctr of cell
-
What occurs during anaphase 1?
- Homologous prs separate fr each other
- Sister chromatids remain attached
-
What occurs at telophase 1?
- Homologous prs are at opposite poles
- Cytoplasm divides forming 2 daughter cells
-
During prophase 2 a ___ ___ forms again.
Spindle Apparatus
-
During metaphase 2 chromosomes do what?
Line up at ctr of cell
-
During anaphase 2, sister chromatids do what?
Move to opposite poles
-
At telophase 2 & cytokinesis what happens?
- Division of chromatids is complete
- Cytoplasm divides to form new daughter cells
-
What part of genes is responsible for invisible traits such as blood type, ability to carry out metabolic pathways & color vision?
Alleles
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What chemical did we use to determine who had an allele to taste bitter things?
PTC - phenylthiocarbamide
-
Where is the "bitter taste gene" located?
Chromosome #7
-
Approximately what percentage of ppl can taste PTC?
75%
-
What is the name given to a chart that diagrams trait inheritance patterns?
Pedigree
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What shape is used to symbolize females on a pedigree chart?
Circle
-
What shape is used to symbolize males on a pedigree chart?
Square
-
A black square/circle on a pedigree chart shows what?
Presence of the cond being studied
-
A white square/circle on a pedigree chart means what?
The condition being studied is absent
-
On a pedigree chart, marriage or mating is shown by a ____ connecting parents.
Line
-
On a pedigree chart, children fr a mating are shown by a ___ ___ between the parents.
Vertical Line
-
All members fr the same generation on a pedigree chart are shown where on a pedigree chart?
Along the same horizontal line
-
The X chromosome is physically ____ in comparison to the Y chromosome.
Larger
-
Alleles that are carried by only one chromosome are said to be X or Y ____.
Linked
-
Y-linked alleles are found only in ____.
Males
-
A disorder characterized by an inability to produce proteins necessary for blood clotting is called ____.
Hemophilia
-
What is the name given to a special type of inheritance in which 2 alleles are equally dominant?
Codominance
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When codominance exists, both ___ are expressed independently resulting in a ____ individual that shows both ____ phenotypes.
- Alleles
- Heterozygous
- Homozygous
-
Sickle-cell anemia is a blood disorder affecting transport of ____ by ____ causing tissues to be ____ of oxygen.
- Oxygen by hemoglobin
- Deprived
-
Heterozygous individuals have sickle-cell trait & are usually healthy but may experience some problems when?
During intense exercise or under low O₂ conditions
-
When speaking of sickle-cell phenotypes & genotypes, how is a completely normal individual represented?
HbAHbA
-
When speaking of sickle-cell phenotypes & genotypes, how is an individual that is a carrier of the sickle-cell trait represented?
HbAHbS
-
When speaking of sickle-cell phenotypes & genotypes, an individual w/ HbSHbS genotype has what phenotype?
Full blown sickle-cell anemia
-
The term used to describe the composition of an organism's alleles for a gene is what?
Genotype
-
The termed to describe the "expression of the genotype" or the physical appearance of an organism is ____.
Phenotype
-
What is the difference between genotype & phenotype?
Genotype is the composition of an organisms alleles for a gene where as phenotype is the organism's physical appearance or "expression of the gene"
-
What disease is caused by protozoans of the genus Plasmodium?
Malaria
-
When a malaria parasite enters the body it does what?
Travels to liver, reproduces then travels t blood stream where is infects RBCs
-
What blood abnormality decreases the ability of the malaria parasite to reproduce & why?
Sickle-cell anemia b/c of the lower O₂ carrying capacity of RBCs
-
In a pt w/malaria what happens as blood passes thru the spleen?
Abnormal, sickled shape cells are destroyed along w/malaria parasites
-
What is the genotype for Type A blood?
IA IA or IA i
-
What is the genotype for Type B blood?
IB IB or IB i
-
If blood has the genotype IA IB it is Type ___ blood.
AB
-
What is the genotype for Type O blood?
ii
-
In human blood types, the alleles __ & __ are codominant & ____ over the recessive allele ___.
-
What are we using PTC paper for?
To help us to determine if we are tasters of bitter things.
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