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What are the functions of blood?
- distribute nutrients, O2, and hormones to each body cell
- take metabolic waste to kidneys for excretion
- transport cells that defend peripheral tissues against infection
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What are platelets?
small membrane enclosed packets of cytoplasm
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What is whole blood?
- a mixture of plasma and formed elements
- it is sticky, cohesive, and resistant to flow
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What are the plasma components of whole blood?
- water
- electrolytes
- nutrients
- organic waste
- proteins
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What are the formed elements?
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What is the function of immunoglobins?
attack foreign proteins and pathogens
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What is the function of transport globulins?
bind small ions, hormones, and compounds that are either insoluble or that might be filtered out by the kidneys
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What is fibrinogen? What is its backup?
- the basic framework for blood clots
- serum
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What is the hematocrit value?
it indicates the percentage of whole blood contributed by whole elements
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What is the importance of a big surface area on RBCs/
it permits rapid diffusion between RBC cytoplasm and surrounding plasma
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What are rouleaux?
stacks of RBCs, they dissociate repeatedly without affecting the cells involved
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What are the characterisitics of RBCs?
- biconcave disc
- no nucleus
- no mitochondria
- no ribosomes
- red because of hemoglobin
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What is the main function of RBCs?
- transport oxygen from lungs to tissues
- transport carbon dioxide from tissues to lungs
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What are the characterisitcs of neutrophils?
- round cell
- nucleus looks like beads
- cytoplasm ahs big pale inclusions
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What are the functions of neutrophils?
phagocytic to engulf pathogens in tissue
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What is the life expectancy of neutrophils?
minutes to days depending on activity
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What are the characteristics eosinophils?
- round cell
- 2 lobed nucleus
- large granules in cytoplasm
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What are the functions of eosinophils?
- attack anything labled with antibodies
- fight v parasitic infection
- suppress inflammation
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What are the characterisitics of basophils?
- round cell
- nucleus cannot be seen because of dense granules in cytoplam
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What is the function of basophils?
enter damage tissue and release histamine
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What are the characterisitics of monocytes?
- large kidney bean shaped nucleus
- abundant pale cytoplasm
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What are the functions of monocytes?
- enter tissues to become free macrophages
- engulf pathogens or debris
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What are the characterisitics of lymphocytes?
- a little bigger than RBCs
- round nucleus
- little cytoplasm
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What are the functions of lymphocytes?
- provides defense v. specific pathogens or toxins
- T cells and B cells
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How do T cells attack pathogens? B cells?
- directly
- form plasmocytes that secrete antibodies
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What are the characteristics of platelets?
- cytoplasmic fragments
- with enzymes and proenzymes
- no nucleus
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What is the function of platelets?
- hemeostasis
- clump together and stick to vessel wall
- activate intrinsic pathway of coagulation phase
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What is the function of hemoglobin?
responsible for cell's ability to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide
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What is the color difference between oxygenated hemoglobin and deoxygenated?
- oxygenated = bright red (arterial)
- deoxygenated = deep red (venous)
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What are granulocytes?
leukocytes with large granular inclusions in their cytoplasm
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What are agranulocytes?
lekocytes without visible granules
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What is leukopenia?
inadequate number of leokocytes
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What is leokocytosis?
excessive numbers of leokuocytes
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What is a differential count?
the number of each type of cell in a sample of 100 WBCs
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What is diapedesis?
leukocytes can cross the endothelial lining of a capillary by squeezing between endothelial cells when there is an injury
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What is chemotaxis?
WBCs are attracted to chemical signs of inflammation or infection in interstitial fluids
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What are the granular leukocytes that are phagocytic cells?
neutrophils and eosinophils
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Which granular leukocyte is very mobile and the 1st on site of injury?
neutrophil
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What happens after a neutrophil engulfs debris or pathogens?
it dies and releases chemicals that attract other neutrophils to the site
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Which granular leukocyte grows in number during allergic reactions or parasitic infection? what does it do?
- eosinophil
- it releases enzymes that reduce inflammation and control its spread
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How do basophils migrate to injuries?
they cross the capillary endothelium to accumulate within damaged tissues where they discharge their granules
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Which agranular leokocyte is the largest WBC?
monocyte
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What are monocytes called when they are outside of the bloodstream?
free macrophages
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What are monocytes called when they are in the connective tissue?
fixed macrophages
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Which agranular leukocytes arrives on injury site just after neutrophils?
monocytes
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What is special about active macrophages (monocytes)?
they release chemicals to lure in fibroblasts.
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Which agranular leukocyte has very little cytoplasm and a big nucleus?
lymphocyte
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What are the primary vells of the lymphoid system?
lympgocytes
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What is specific immunity?
the ability of the body to start an attack v pathogens on an individual basis
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Wich leukocyte is responsible for specific immunity?
lymphocytes
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What are the 3 ways that lymphocytes respond in specific immunity?
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What are megakaryocytes?
- big cells with big nuclei
- nucleus is dense and lobed or ring shaped
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What does the cytoplasm of megakaryocytes contain?
- glogo apparatus
- ribosomes
- mitochondria
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What do megakaryocytes manufacture?
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What are the membranes enclosed packets that fall off of a shedding megakaryocyte?
platelets
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What is thrombocytopenia?
low platelet count or escessive platelet destruction
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What is thrombocytosis?
- excessive platelet production
- from response to infection, inflammation, or cancer
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What is the process that prevents loss of blood through the walls of damaged vessels?
hemeostasis
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What are the funtions of platelets?
- transport clotting chemicals
- patch up walls of damaged vessels
- contraction on clot to pull the edges together
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