International Organizations & International Law Part II

Functions of International Law

The functions of international law include ______ as principal subjects and agents of international law;

and international law being concerned with the regulation of _______-______ relations.

The scope of international law was confined to questions of _____.

These questions of order would concern _______-_______ behavior.

All of these funcitons would be considered the ______ area of jurisdiction.

States went beyond pursuit of international order

Who are increasingly becoming recognized subjects of international law? ( 3 things)

What are some examples of this?

International law now concerned with global, not merely international regulation.

This includes international ______, ______, and ______ ______, and ______ law.

Reasons states obey international law

The reasons states obey international law includes the _____ of disorder and reprisal, the desire to be-and appear to be-good _____ of _______ society, and because states have strong ____ to free themselves from _______'s insecurities.

True/ False: Nearly all states care about international law. If false, why?

States care because they want to be members of the ________ community; this is the _____ community of the world.

Limitations

The limitations of international law include that there is no international ______ for enforcement;

no international ________;

and no judiciary with ______ jurisdiction.

Sources of international law

Sources of international law include political and legal _________, international _____ and _______, judicial __________, general principles of law recognized by _________ nations, and the _______ of international organizations.

List some of the international organizations who are sources of international law. (2 organizations part of the U.N.)

What do virtually all laws emerge from?

What is the dominant source of law today?

Explain how the Security Council acts as a source of international law.

How can such laws be changed?

Other areas of international law

Other areas of international law, which can be described as ________ rights, include ______ rights law, principles of ________, _______ of slavery, _______ of war, _______ against women, and ______ of children.

U.N. Charter

The U.N. Charter allowed force for ______-_______, prohibition of _______ (1975) and biological (1997) weapons, and treatment of _____.

When it comes to self-defense, the law of _____ must be followed.

What is the law of proportionality?

Liberal View of International Law

Liberals believe that there is no international government, but ______ are still needed to keep in check with existing _______.

The liberal view on international law is that it is the ______ thing to do;

states want to do what is right and _____;

international law _____ what is right;

states ____ from doing what is right and moral;

states want to be viewed _______, be respected by ______ opinion, and fear being _____ by pariahs and and losing face and ____ in the international system.

If states do not choose to follow international law, other members have recourse, such as....(4 things)

Sovereignty is ____ by international organizations.

What is used to deal with anarchy?

Realist members emphasize _______-______ mechanisms.

Liberal members emphasize collective _____ and _______.

A definition of international law: " An association of ______ established by and based upon a ______, which pursues ______ aims and which has its own special organs to fullfill particular ____ within the ______.

The End of the Nation-State System?

16__ to 19__s?

Nation-states are powerful, but new actors may be... (4 things)

Since _________, nation-states shared power with new actors.

Nation-states have lost their monoploy on:(4 things)

Many ideas are nor indigneous ideas, but _______ ones, such as ______.

Who said that states have a monopoly over force?

What do states now share force with?

Examples of IGOs

Examples of U.N. Organizations

Powers of International Organizations

The membership of an international organization consists of the states that become members in accordance with ______ of the organization's ______.

The organization itself decides questions as to _________ of a member state and _____ of a state's membership.

International organizations cannot exercise ______ powers (as can ______ nations), and are governed by the principle of _______.

Responsibilities of International Organizations

When might the actions of a newly created organization carry responsibilities?

If the organization harms a member of the state, what should that organization do?

Amd if a member state harms the organization,

Dissolution of an international Organization

Dissolution may be covered in the _______ instrument.

For example, being dissolved by 3/4 majority of the members.

If dissolution is not covered in the constituent instrument, then the organization might be dissolved by a decision of its highest ______ body.

Transfer of certain powers from states to ______ by ______.

For example, EEC, now the EU.

International Organizations

Intergovernmental Organizations (IGOs) are associations of _______ states established through ______ agreements.

Specialized IGOs with global membership include Interpol (International Criminal Police Comission), OPEC, and NATO.

What does OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) do?

What does NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) act as? What was their major concern?

Many IGOs: have ________ bodies;

dispute resolution _________ to resolve conflicts between member _______;

have ____ bodies to facilitate the IGO's operations.

Supranational Organizations

Supranational organizations have power or influence that _______ national boundaries or governments.

Supranational Organizations have an _________ authority (comission);

an ______ composed of states (council);

a ______ Assembly;

a Court of _______.

What would be an example of a supranational organization?

General-Purpose regional IGOs

This would include the European Union, the Organization of American States, and __________ __________(MNCs), such as General Motors, IBM, and Shell Oil.

True/False: Some MNCs have budgets larger than developed countries. If false, why?
True False

True/False: Some of these MNCs take advantage of poorer countries. If false, why?
True False

International Organizations: Geneaology of the United Nations

The U.N. is known for it's big-power _______-______.

The _______ _______ ________ (1815-1822) reorgnized Europe after the __________ Wars and introduced the rules of the ________ _______ _______ game.

The _________ _________ _______ (1815-1914) between Austria, Prussia, Russia, Great Britain, et al. was a system of _________ after the Napoleonic Wars which ____________ peace until 1853.

What idea began to develop from all of this?

The Quantitative Expansion of IGOs

Expansion during this century is a _______ trend.

Reasons for expansion include increased _______ contact;

increased _________;

expansion of __________ problems;

failure of state-centered systems to provide __________;

and effort of small states to gain strength through ______ action.

Practical Barriers to IGOs

Practical barriers to IGOs include _______ and _______;

________ objections;

concentration of ________;

and loss of __________ diversity.

When it comes to concentration of power, what do realists want?

What do realists believe in to make them want concentrated power?

What is an explanation for the loss of cultural diversity?

League of Nations, 1919-1946

What was the League of Nations designed to prevent?

The prevent wars throught the use of: (4 things)

What is the irony behind the League of Nations?

Why did the U.S. not joing it?

In the League of Nations, who could block action?

Who violated all of these treaties?

General Assembly

The General Assembly is a _______ for members to deliver their _______. Resolutions have no _________ unless states are commited to using ______, which most states are not.

The General Assemby: had ____ members in 2006;

is a ______ for discussing ______ issues;

has a membership from which half are from _____ and ______;

have budget disputes over ________ payments;

membership which expands with _______-_______;

and an increase in _____ voting.

The post-Cold War era increasingly _______ the General Assembly as __________ shifts back to the Security Council.

Present Voting Rules in the U.N. General Assembly

For each member, there is _____ vote.

Certain categories require ______ vote.

Otherwise, it's a ______ _______.

Possible Options for a New International Organization?

These options include a consensus, votes based on ________, votes based on financial contributions to the ________, and whether or not we should create a ________ international organization.

Voting in the General Assemnbly - Article 18

Article 18 states that: each member of the General Assembly should have ____ vote;

and that decisions of the General Assembly on important questions shall be made by a _______ majority of the members present and voting.

These important questions shall include: recommendations with respect to the maintenance of international _______ and _______;

the election of the non-permanent members of the ________ ________;

the admission of new members to the ________ ________;

the _______ of the rights and privileges of membership, the ________ of members.

Security Council

The Security Council: organizes and authorizes ______ ________;

has ______ permanent members with _____ power;

can establish _______ forces;

can authorize _______;

and serves as a ______ forum.

Who are the 5 permanent members with veto power?

True/False: If any resolution is vetoed by any of these countires, the resolution is dead.
True False

There are also _____ temporary members, each serving ______ years.

What is an example of the Security Council establishing peacekeeping forces?

What wars were authorized by the Security Council?

During Cold War, inactive due to veto

As such, for the Security Council, there was: a development of ____________;

the use of third-party military forces drawn from _____-________ members of the Security Council;

preventing ________ from escalating;

securing ________, patrolling ________, and maintaining _______-________

respondting to _____ wars and ______ unrest;

activities include verifying troop ________, conducting and supervising _____, and aiding civil ________ to insure law and order.

UN Peacekeeping: Failure in Rawanda

There was failure when it came to peackeeping in Rawanda because: there was too small of a ________ to prevent genocide;

and request for additional ______ was denied.

True/False: There were no attempts establish humanitarian protection zones. If false, why?
True False

Gulf War II and Iraq Occupation

In the (year) Gulf War, the Security Councial authorized members to "use all necessary means", leading to _______ action by _______ coalitions under ____ command.

In (year), during the Iraq War, the Security Council was _______, so the U.S. did not seek formal _____ for the use of force;

A _____ veto was feared.

Secretariat and Secretary general

What is The Secratariat?

The Secratariat carries out the day-to-day work of the ________ ______ and administers ____ and _____ laid down by them.

The Secratariat has a staff of about ______, and is headquartered in ______ _____.

What is at the head of The Secretariat?

The Secretary-General is appointed by the _______ _____ on the recommendation of the _____ _______.

True/False: The Secretary-General serves a five-year term. If false, why?
True False

Secretary Council: Need for Reform

The problem with the Security Council is that permanent members do not represent _____/______ diversity and do not include major ______ states having ______ power.

The solutions to this problem includes the increasing the number of permanent members on Security Council to include ______ and _____ (major contributors) and to include major ______ powers (India,Brazil, Nigeria)

The Politics of Security Council Reform

The questions and considerations regarding Security Council Politics: How many should be added to the Council?

Who should be represented?

Should the new members have the veto?

Ban Ki-moon, Secretary General

Moon has little power to act _____/_____ of SC/GA, meaning he has an _____ role.

International Court of Justice

Where does the World Court meet?

(#) justices serveing(#)-year terms are selected by the General Assembly and Security Council

What does the ICJ do with courses brought to it?

What do they provide at the request of the General Assembly and Security Council?

True/False: The ICJ initiates proceedings. If false, why?
True False

What limits the court's effectiveness?

Punishing States who do not comply with International Law

Punishments for states who do not comply with international law includes: issuing ______ protests;

initiating ________;

threatening to enforce ______, _______, and _______;

using ______ force.

NGOs combine in four ways:

______ NGOs;

______ networks and ______ networks;

_______ actors getting _____ recognition

NGOs

True/False: NGOs include individuals and institutions.
True False

How are NGOs distinguished from IGOs?

True/False: NGOs have international legal status. If false, why?
True False

With no international legal status, NGOs do not enter into ______ or other international ______, although they might ______ such agreements.

Diversified groups are: (3 things)

NGOs support base are: (2 things)

NGO membership is: (2 things)

What were the increasing influence and numbers of NGOs enhanced by?

The increasing influence and numbers have lead to: (3 things)

Various Functions/roles of NGOs

The various functions and rules of NGOs includes: advocating certain ___________;

offering alternative channels of political ____________;

mobilizing mass _______ support;

distributing crtical _________ which should have been provided by states;

monitorization of _____ and of state ________.

What are some examples of NGOs distributing critical assistance that should have been provided by states?

True/False: When it comes to the monitoring of norms and of state practices, in a few unusual cases, NGOs take the place of states.
True False

Another function of NGOs is that primary actors are at the ___________ level in mobilizing individuals to act.

NGOs reliance on soft power

NGOs have _________ information, expertise, and __________ authority.

True/False: NGOs are politically independent. If false, why?
True False

True/False: NGOs influence state behavior. If false, why?
True False

NGOs influence state behavior by initiating formal, legally binding _________.

Limits of NGOs

The limits of NGOs include: a lack of ________ forms of power;

not having _______ or _______ forces;

not being able to command _________;

having limited _______ resources;

Having limited economic resources leads to NGOs being dependent on _______.

How do NGOs get donors?

NGOs in History

NGOs in history includes: anti-_______ groups in the late 1780s;

 ____ groups in the 1800s;

the International Committee of the ____ _______- for humanitarian treatment;

and international ________ groups.

When was there an explosion in number of NGOs?

What are some examples of humanitarian NGOs? (3 examples)

NGO Power: Weaknesses

Weakness of NGOS include: _____ groups working at _______ purposes;

no consistent source of ________;

and legitimacy comprised by lack of _________.

Federalism and roots of war

War is caused by individual states exercising _______.

Peace will be achieved if states transfer sovereignty to a higher _______ body.

In a federal system, states will be joined together and soverignty transferred to the _______.

In a federal system, the root cause of war has been _________.

Functionalism

War is caused by _______ deprivation.

Economic disparity cannot be solved in a system of ___________ states.

New _____ units should be created to solve specific economic problems.

People will develop habits of _______, which will spill over from economic _______ to political _________.

In the long run, economic disparities will ______ and war will be ________.

Weakness of the two theories

Federalists: believe states will not accept diminishing _________.

This is because the concern over who gets control is ______, and it is unclear if war can be ________.

True/False: Funcitonalism states that economic disparity is the main cause of war. If false, why?
True False

True/False: Functionaism also states that cooperation may not spill over to other issues. If false, why?
True False

Human Rights

Defining Human Rights

What is the definition of human rights? (2 definitions)

Human rights often include the right to _____ and _____;

freedom of _________ and ________;

and ______ before the law.

Human rights are conceived of as _________; they apply to all human beings everywhere, and and as a fundamental base, refer to essential or basic human ______.

Human rights are divided into three types

What is the first one associated with?

What aspects of the Enlightnment?

What does the second type focus on?

It is associated with revolts against unregulated _____________.

This includes the right to ______ and the right to an ________.

What is the third type associated with?

Political and economic aspirations of least developed countries after WWII included ________ rights, _________ self-determination and _______ development.

Human Rights influenced by:

Universal Declaration of ___________ ___________ in 1948;

Treaties and agreements under the auspices of the _______ _________;

Is reflected in the _________ _______ (1215)

Declaration of ___________ (1776);

The ______ Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen (1789)