Chem chapter 7

A homogenous mixture consisting of solute and a solvent

(Kool-aid, IV fluids, Salt water etc.)

mixture that is un-uniform throughout

substance that is dissolved in a solution

substance in which the solute is dissolved; usually present in larger quantity.(aqueous solution)

This substance will maintain its phase of matter

• -particles are evenly distributed
• -components do not chemically reat with each other
• -aqueous solutions are transparent
• -components do not seperate upon standing
• -concentration can be changed

compounds that dissolve in water to form ions (particles with + or - charge)

Like dissolves like

the maximum amount of solute that will dissolve in a given amount of solvent at a given temp

does not contain the max amount of solute

DOES contain the max amount of solute

temperature - gases = increase temp then decrease in solubility decrease temp then inrease solubility

• temperature - liquid/solid increase temp=more soluble
• decrease temp = less soluble

pressure - gas/liquid increase press of gas = increased solubility in liquid (Bends)

amount of dissovled ion can be expressed by Eq

It relates the charge in a solution to the number of ions or moles of ions present

Na+ = 1 Eq = 1mole Na+

• Ca2+ = 2 Eq = 2mole Ca2+ 
• Eq/mole = the charge on the ion

1 Eq

the amount of solute dissolved in a given amount of solution 

concentration  = amnt solute/amnt solvent

M=mole/L

• mass/volume = g/ml (100)
• mass/mass = g/g (100)
• volume/volume  = mL/mL (100)

ppm = g solute/mL solvent (1x10⁶)

ppb = g solute/mL solvent (1x10⁹)

CiVi=CfVf

keep percent as a whole in equation

diffusion of water

concentrations of solutes in the solutions is the same on both sides of the membrane

• water flows into the cell
• lyse

• water flows outside of the cell
• crenation

• oes not require energy
• small molecules an non-polar ones like O2, N2, and CO2 use this process

uses protein channels for ions and small molecules to pass through

goes against concentration gradients requires ATP to work