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Saxon Kings
- a. Saxon kings of tenth century strengthened hold over German kingdom and revived empire of Charlemagne
- b. New dynasty: Salian kings with Conrad II of Franconiaà Henry IIIà Henry IV
- i. They created strong German monarchy and powerful empire by leading armies into Italy
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Lords extend power
Elective Nature
- 1. Lords, however, extended their own power after III’s death
- 2. Elective nature was a problem
- a. Great lords who were electors liked to choose weak king for advantage
- i. As a result, German kings relied on ability to control church and select bishops and abbots who were used as royal administrators
- 1. Struggle between church and state during reign o fHenry IV weaked use of church officials
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German KIngs
- a. German kings tried to increase pwer by using position as emperors to exploit Italy’s resources
- i. Italy= no central political authority
- 1. North= struggle for power by nobles
- 2. Central= papal authority
- 3. South= conflict with Lombards, Muslims and Byzantines
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11th C-end of 12th
- a. 11th c: Norman adventured led by Robert Guiscard conquered southern Italy
- i. Brother Roger subdued Muslim Sicily after 30 year struggle (1091_
- ii. 1130: Roger II, his son, became king of Sicily
- iii. End of 12th: Norman kingdom one of most powerful in Europe
- 1. Numerous cultures required documents in Latin, Greek, Arabic for Christian, Jewish, and Muslim
- 2. Wealthy cities tempted German kings although Norman kingdom was beyond German kings’ claim
- a. German dynasty that fell susceptible to it was Hohenstaufins
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Frederick I
- i. Barbarossa to the Italians who was powerful
- ii. He and Frederick II tried to create new kind of empire
- iii. Instead of building strong German kingdom, he wanted to get his chief revenues from Italy as the center of a “holy empire”—the Holy Roman Empire
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Frederick I attempts
- 1. Attempt led to difficulties
- a. Pope opposed him
- b. Cities of n. Italy not willing to be his subjects
- 2. Led to alliance of northern Italian cities, with help from the papacy, to defeat Frederick’s forces at Legnano in 1176
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After Legnano
- i. After defeat, Frederick returned to Italy and arranged a settlement with the northern Italian cities by which they retained their independence in return for an annual payment to emperor
- 1. Had financial base
- 2. Married son to heiress of Norman kingdom of s. Italy and created foundation for making Holy Roman Empire a reality and encirclement of Rome and Papal states
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Henry IV
- i. Son
- ii. Control of Germany and northern and southern Italy made him strongest European ruler since Charlemagne
- 1. Deathà collapse
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Frederick II
- a. Frederick II was most brilliant of Hohenstaufen rulers
- i. King of Sicily in 1198; king of Germany in 1212; and emperor in 1220
- ii. Raised in Sicily with diversity of people, language, and religions
- iii. Court: brilliant lawyers, poets, artists, scientists, etc.
- iv. Spent much time in Germany; left in 1220, rarely returned
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What did Frederick II do and why? What did it lead to?
- 1. Gave German princes full control of their territories, voluntarily surrendering real power over Germany in exchange for revenues while he pursued his main goal, establishing a strong centralized state in Italy dominated by his kingdom in Sicility
- a. Task: gain control of n. Italy
- i. Led to struggle with popes, who saw single ruler of n. and s. Italy meant end of papal secular power in c. Italy
- 1. Northern Italian cities unwilling to give up freedom
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Rudolf of Habsburg
- i. Chosen as German king by princes
- 1. Weak kingà princes ensured that German monarchy remained incapable of centralizing power
- ii. Failure of Hohenstaufensà king and Emperor had no real power over either Germany or Italy
- iii. Unlike France and England, neither Germany nor Italy had unified national monarchy
- 1. Loose confederations under vague direction of ruler
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Death of Fred II
- a. Death of Frederick IIà Italy politically confused
- i. Papacy in control of c. Italy
- ii. Defeat of imperial powerà no authority
- 1. Emergence of strong city-states with Florence as leadership under Visconti family
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