Anatomy II test 1

the study of the circulatory system, including the blood, lymph, heart, arteries, veins, and lymph vessels

the study of blood

-  transport of O2, CO2, food, wastes, hormones, etc.

-  temperature regulation.

-  control of pH (the hydrogen ion, H+, concentration).

-  control of water balance.

-  defense of against infection (phagocytosis) and immunity.

-  repair & regeneration processes (healing process).

-  Color is red

-  Temperature is 38° C or 100.3° F

-  Specific Gravity is 1.041 to 1.067 (Water's is 1.000)

-  Viscosity (Resistance to flow) is 4½ to 5½ times that of water

-  pH (hydrogen ion concentration) is 7.3 to 7.4 (slightly basic or alkaline)

-  Blood volume is 5 to 6 quarts or (1/20 to 1/13 of total body weight) for average adult.

- Blood Cells = Corpuscles = Formed Elements

- Red Blood Cells, RBC's, Erythrocytes

- White Blood Cells, WBC's, Leukocytes

- Platelets, Thrombocytes

Plasma (liquid portion of the blood with dissolved components)

Biconcave shape (more or less round and flat with an indention on each side)

7.7 microns in diameter

4,000,000 to 6,000,000 per mm3 (cubic millimeter)

Function is to  Carry O2 and CO2 (Oxygen and Carbon dioxide)

Contain Hemoglobin (Protein containing Iron = Fe) 

Hemoglobin breaks down as the RBC's decompose forming Biliverdin (green pigment) then Bilirubin (yellow pigment) forms. 

Liver is responsible for removing these bile pigments from the circulatory system.  

Usually stored in the gall bladder (bile sac).

green pigment

yellow pigment

Passing through the vessel wall

Life span is probably between 1 month and 4 months

(Actually several different types but described as one) 

Spherical shape (like a ball) 

Vary in size, but average is about 10 microns 

5,000 to 10,000 per mm3

Function is to fight infections

surround, engulf and destroy foreign substances in the blood

white blood cells are sometimes called

Life span may vary from a few days to a few weeks

Disc shape  (sometimes referred to as fragments) 

Vary in size, but about 3 microns in diameter 

130,000 to 360,000 per mm3

Function is the Clotting or Coagulation of blood

92 % to 95 % of Plasma

5 % to 8 % of Plasma

Blood Proteins
   Serum albumin 
   Serum globulin 
   fibrinogen 

Inorganic Salts of Na, K, Ca, & Mg 
   Chlorides 
   Bicarbonates 
   Phosphates 
   Sulfates 

Nutrients 
   Carbohydrates (Glucose) 
   Fats 
   Proteins 
   Minerals 
   Vitamins 

Wastes 

Respiratory Gases 
    0₂ 
    CO₂
    N₂ 

Enzymes 

Hormones 

Antibodies 

Others 
   Drugs 
   Anything else

Plasma that has the clotting factors removed.

40 - 43 % Population     UNIVERSAL DONOR

40 - 45 % Population

10 - 15 % Population

4 -  5 % Population       UNIVERSAL RECIPIENT

UNIVERSAL DONOR

UNIVERSAL RECEPIENT

Discovered in the rhesus monkey

Rh factor

85 % Population

15 % Population

Condition in which the pregnant mother is Rh negative and the Baby is Rh positive. 

Mother's body builds up antibodies against the Rh factor from Baby's body which in essence will cause the Mother's body to reject the Baby's body (from within by its own blood).

It does not usually occur until after the first pregnancy where the above conditions exists.

Treatments may involve either Rho Gamma treatments given to Rh negative pregnant women who may be carrying an Rh positive Baby or transfusion of the Baby while in utero.    

(1) Thromboplastin(thrombokinase) (cephalin)
(2) Prothrombin
(3) Calcium
(4) Fibrinogen
(5) Vitamin K

(1) Antithrombin
(2) Heparin (Antiprothrombin)

(1) Prior to clotting – prothrombin is inactive as the result of presence of antiprothrombin

(2) Fragmentation of blood platelets releases thromboplastin

(3) Thromboplastin neutralizes antiprothrombin, thus liberating prothrombin

(4) Prothrombin  + Ca forms thrombin

(5) Thrombin  + fibrinogen forms fibrin

(6) Fibrin  + blood cells forms the clot

3 to 5 minutes

1. "Wall" dividing the thoracic from the abdominal cavities.

2. Action of blood cells escaping the vascular system by passing through the walls of the capillaries is called:

3. Arteries have three layers in their walls while arterioles have _____.

4. Blood cells make up approximately _____% of the blood volume.

5. Blood cells responsible for clotting are called _____.

6. Blood cells responsible for fighting‑off infections.

7. Blood cells which contain hemoglobin.

8. Blood type _____ is said to be the universal donor.

9. Blood vessels that carry the blood in the general direction towards the heart.

10. Innermost layer of an artery or vein is made up of this type of basic (elemental) body tissue.

11. Middle layer of the wall of the heart is called _____.

12. Name of the individual credited with the discovery of the circulation of blood.

13. Name six (6) Functions of the blood.

14. Normal pH of blood is _____(a number).

15. Outer layer of an artery or vein is called the tunica _____.

16. Portion of the blood that is about 95% water.

17. Position with the body standing erect, facing the observer, and the hands at the side with the palms facing the observer is said to be the _____.

18. Process by which a blood cell surrounds, engulfs and destroys foreign substances:

19. Process by which leukocytes surround, ingest, and destroy foreign substances in the blood stream.

20. Region immediately inferior to the hypochondriac region of the abdomen.

21. Study of blood is called _____.

22. Study of the circulatory system, including the blood, lymph, heart, arteries, veins, and lymph vessels is called _____.

23. System of the body that deals with the blood, heart, arteries, veins, and lymphatics is called _____.

24. Term visceral refers to _____.

25. Term which means, the study of blood.

26. Vessel leaving the heart that carries blood towards all parts of the body.

27. Characteristics of the blood - 
-  Color is due to what substance in the blood. 

-  Temperature is _____. 

-  Specific Gravity is slightly greater than _____. 

-  pH (hydrogen ion concentration) is _______  (This is slightly _______.)

28. Another name for Blood Cells is ______ or ______  __________.

29. The three (3) types of blood cells:

          1. _____________ and alternate name  ______________

          2. _____________ and alternate name  ______________

          3. _____________ and alternate name  ______________

30. Blood cells make up ______ % of blood volume.

31. Plasma makes up ______ % of blood volume.

32. Characteristics of Red Blood Cells 
          Shape 
          Size 
          Number  
          Function      
          Contains
          Life span
          Diapedesis

33. Characteristics of White Blood Cells 
          Shape 
          Size      
          Number   
          Function 
          Life span 
          Diapedesis

34. Characteristics of Platelets 
          Shape  
          Size    
          Number 
          Function 
          Diapedesis

35. Another name for Gall Bladder is _______.

36. Define Bilirubin

37. Define Biliverdin

38. Define Icterus

39. Define Jaundice

40. Define Phagocytes

41. Define Phagocytosis

42. Define Serum

43. List some of the common Components of Plasma:

44. The UNIVERSAL DONOR is Type ______ Blood.

45. The UNIVERSAL RECEPIENT is Type ______ blood.

46. What are the four (4) Blood Types?

47. What is Erythroblastosis fetalis?

48. What is the Rh factor ?

49. What percentage of the population does not have the Rh factor?

50. What percentage of the population has the Rh factor?

51. Who can give blood to another person?