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What are the average blood volumes for men and women?
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What are the components of blood?
- Plasma
- Erythrocytes
- Leukocytes
- Platelets
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What are the hematocrit values for men and women?
- Men - 42-52%
- Women - 37-47%
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What is the % composition of plasma?
- 90% water
- 6-8% proteins
- Electrolytes (high Na and Cl, low H, HCO3, K, Ca)
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What is in plasma?
- Nutrients (glucose, AAs, lipids, vits)
- Wastes (urea, bilirubin, creatinine)
- Gases (dissolved O2, CO2)
- Hormones
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What are the 3 classes of proteins and where are they synthesized?
- Albumins
- Globulins
- Fibrinogen
Liver, except some globulins by lymphocytes
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What are some functions of plasma proteins?
- Colloid osmotic pressure
- Buffer H
- Increase blood viscosity
- Fuel during starvation
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What are the functions of albumins?
- Major contributor to plasma oncotic osmotic pressure
- Carriers
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What are the functions of globulins?
- Alpha and Beta - carriers, clotting factors, enz's, precursor protiens
- Gamma (immunoglobulins) - immune system
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What is the function of fibrinogen?
Blood clotting
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How many RBCs are in one mL of blood?
5 billion
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What is the diameter and thickness of RBCs?
- Diameter = 8um
- Thickness = 2 um
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What is the main funciton of erythrocytes?
O2 and CO2 transport
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What are erythrocytes made of?
- Spectrin
- Hemoglobin
- Enzymes (glycolytic and carbonic)
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What is spectrin and what is it responsible for?
- Cytosolic fibrous protein
- Shape and flexibility of erythrocytes
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What is a hemoglobin molecule made of?
Globulin + 4 heme groups
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What is the synthesis of RBCs called?
Erythropoiesis
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What is the life span of RBCs? What is the rate of replacement?
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What is the name of the stem cells that erythrocytes and leukocytes are developed from?
Hematopoietic stem cells
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What are the requirements for erythrocyte production?
- Iron (hemoglobin)
- Folic acid (cell proliferation)
- Vitamin B12 (cell proliferation)
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What is anemia?
Decrease in the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood
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What are the 2 types of anemia?
- Dietary - iron-deficiency anemia, pemicious anemia (vit B12)
- Hemorrhagic
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What organs are involved in filtering and destruction of erythrocytes?
- Spleen filters/removes old
- Liver metabolizes byproducts from erythrocyte breakdown
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How does the spleen filter old RBCs out of blood?
Phagocytosis
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List the steps of hemoglobin catabolism
- Iron removed
- Heme -> bilirubin
- Bilirubin released into bloodstream
- Travels to liver where further metabolized
- Product secreted in bile to intestinal tract or secreted into bloodstream and excreted in urine
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What is iron transported in blood bound to?
Transferrin
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What is stored iron bound to?
Ferritin
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What do glycolytic enzymes depend on?
anaerobic glycolysis
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What is carbonic anhydrase important for?
CO2 transport
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What is the function of leukocytes?
Defense of body
- Immune system
- Defend against pathogens
- Identify and destry cancer cells
- Phagocytosis of debris from dead or injured cells
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What are the 2 classifications of leukocytes and what is the difference btwn the 2?
- Granulocytes - contain cytoplasmic granules
- Agranulocytes - no cytoplasmic granules
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What are the different granulocytes? What do they stain?
- Neutrophils - red & blue
- Eosinophils - red
- Basophils - blue
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What are the different agranulocytes?
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What are the properties of neutrophils?
- 50-80% of leukocytes in blood
- Phagocyte
- Circulate in blood for 7-10 hrs
- Migrate to tissues for a few days
- #s increase during infections
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What are the properties of eosinophils?
- 1-4% of leukocytes
- Phagocytes
- Defend against parasitic invaders
- Granules contain toxic molecules that attack parasites
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What are the properties of basophils?
- <1% of leukocytes
- Non-phagocytic
- May defend against large parasites by releasing toxic substances
- Contribute to allergic reactions (histamine, heparin)
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What are the properties of monocytes?
- 5% of leukocytes
- Phagocytes
- New ones circulate for few hours
- Migrate to tissues and become macrophages
- Wanderin and fixed macrophages
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What are the properties of lymphocytes?
- 30% of luekocytes
- 99% of interstitial fluid cells
- 3 types - B, T, Null cells
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What are the properties of B cells?
- Associated w/ antibodies
- Contacts antigen -> plasma cell
- Plasma cell secretes antibody
- Antibodies mark invaders for destruction
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What are the properties of T cells?
- Directly damage foreign cells
- Contact infected. mutant, or transplanted cells
- Develop into cytotoxic T cells that destroy target cell
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What are the properties of null cells?
- Most are natural killer cells
- Important against viral infections
- Attach virus-infected cells
- Fast acting
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What are leukocytes derived from, where do they reach maturity, and what controls maturity?
- Hematopoietic stem cells
- Most develop into full maturity in bone marrow
- T lymphocytes migrate to thymus gland to develop to full maturity
- Controlled by colony-stimulating factors and interleukins
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