med surge

dehydration

hyperkalemia causes arrhythmias

infection elevates temperature

changes in level of consciousness may be due to changes in electrolytes and fluid balance

1)Pallor may be due to anemia.

2) scratching from dry skin, pruitus may lead to excoriations.

1)ab find:skin pallor, color, yellow, grey cast 2)dry skin

dehydration = oliguria
thrombocytopenia = bruising

causes:nailbeds turn white with renal failure
cap refill may result from poor blood flow to the extremeites or anemia

causes: may precede glomerulonephritis(kidney disease -helps filter waste and fluids from the blood) symptom blood in urine rust dark

retinitis pigmentosa may accompany hereditary nephritis(inflamation of nephron in kidney

causes: retinal changes in blood vessels results from prolonged hypertention or diabetes

causes may be: anemia

 1)causes: high frequency deafness may be  hereditary nephropathies

2)acute glomerulonephritis may be pharyngitis or strep infection

 
causes: renal diseasel can result from alterations of sodium and renal secretions of vasoconstrictors

causes:may occure with uremia

causes: occurs from hypotention increased fluid volume

causes: decreased serum albumin

casues:fluid volume overload

causes: metabolic acidosis occurs early in renal disease and casues kussmauls respirations

causes: decreased erythropoetin producution in kidney
all blood cells are defective in renal disease

causes: nausea and changes in taste may lead to diminished appetite

casues: metabolic and hormonal changes in renal disease lead to GI upset, malnutrition and decreased nutrient intake

casue: urea buildup

causes: alterations in elimination occur

- Cause:lose concentrating ability

cause: UTI or interstitial cystitis

cause: < 100 ml urine in 24 hr in acute renal disease, end stage,or bilateral ureteral obstruction

ab find: oliguria

cause: urine output is 100-400 ml in 24 hr severe dehydration,shock, transfusion reaction, end stage renal failure

casue: blood in urine may indicate UTI, irritation, obstruction or cancer

causes: imbalance of potassium, magnesium, calcium

: cause chronic anemia

cause: increased fluid volume

increased levels of altered fluid balance, urea, creatine, amonia levels and parathyroid hormone may interfere with nerve function and contribute to neuropathies

waste products that build up in the blood

presence of crystals on the skin

normal ph of urine

amount of urine in 24hrs

 formed by liver cells when excess amino acids are metabolized used for energy

metabolismm of creatine phosphate energy source in muscle

breakdown of DNA /RNA

measure of dissolved material in urine

structural and functional unit of the kidney. urine is formed in the approx 1 million nephrons in each kidney

nephr/o    ren/o

prevents backflow of urine .
carries urine from the kidney to urinary bladder

temperary storage of urine and its elimination

carries urine from the bladder to exterior (outside)

occurs with diabetes, diabetes insipidus, chronic renal failure

prostate problems

urilogical disorder or neurologic disorder

UTI

occurs with infection, foreign body in urinary tract, urethritis, renal colic or stones

renal disease inhibits kidney ability to break down insulin

ab norm: dark amber urine = dehydration
yellow brown to green urine=excessive bilir.
dark smoky= hematuria
orange red or orange brown=pyridium(phenazopyridine)
cloudiness = infection
nearly colorless = lg fluid intake, renal disease, or diabetes

abnorm urinalysis results : w/infection foul smell

in diabetic ketoacidosis urine is fruity odor

ph below 4.6 in urine

 when urine has been standing or with infection because bacteria decompose urea to form ammonia

low specific gravity indicates excessive fluid intake  or diabetes insipdus